اثر شدت چرا و نوع دام بر ویژگی‌‌های شیمیایی و فیزیکی خاک در جنگل‌‌های آرمرده شهرستان بانه

نوع مقاله : علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد جنگلشناسی و اکولوژی جنگل، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران

2 نویسنده مسئول، استادیار، گروه جنگل‌‌داری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران

3 استادیار، گروه جنگل‌‌داری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران

4 پژوهشگر گروه تعاملات اکولوژیک-اجتماعی در بوم‌ سازگان‌های کشاورزی، دانشگاه گوتینگن و دانشگاه کاسل، آلمان

چکیده

باوجود آنکه چرای دام به‌‌عنوان یک عامل ایجاد آشفتگی در بوم‌سازگان‌های جنگلی شناخته می‌‌شود، اما هنوز به ‌درک بیشتری از چگونگی اثر آن بر ویژگی‌‌های خاک نیاز است. هدف از پژوهش پیش‌‌رو، بررسی اثر شدت چرا و نوع دام بر ویژگی‌‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک در جنگل‌‌های آرمرده شهرستان بانه بود. ‌‌پنج منطقه که ازنظر نوع دام چراکننده و شدت چرا با یکدیگر تفاوت داشتند، انتخاب شدند. درمجموع، 68 نمونه خاک از عمق صفر تا 10 سانتی‌‌متری برداشت شد و مهم‌‌ترین ویژگی‌‌های آن‌ها شامل نیتروژن، کربن آلی، فسفر، پتاسیم، کلسیم، منیزیم، pH، هدایت الکتریکی، بافت خاک و کوبیدگی اندازه‌گیری شد. برای تجزیه‌‌وتحلیل داده‌ها از روش خطی تجزیه‌وتحلیل افزونگی (Redundancy Analysis) و از نرم‌افزار CANOCO استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که متغیرهای محیطی قادرند کل تغییرات را به‌مقدار 58/9 درصد تفسیر کنند. چهار متغیر شامل نرخ چرای دام در هکتار در فصل چرا، تیمار پنجم (بز مرخز + بز مو + گوسفند و گاو)، تیمار چهارم (بز مو + گوسفند) و تیپ وی‌‌ول- مازودار به‌‌عنوان مهم‌‌ترین متغیرها انتخاب شدند. این متغیرها در روش RDA  42/1 درصد از واریانس موجود در خاک را تشریح کردند. ویژگی‌‌های خاک در تیمار شاهد و تیمار دوم (بز مرخز با شدت کم) بیشترین شباهت را داشتند. به‌‌طور کلی، خاک در این مناطق از کوبیدگی کمتر و کربن آلی، ازت، پتاسیم و فسفر بیشتر برخوردار بود. درمقابل، تیمار پنجم با بیشترین شدت چرا و داشتن هر چهار نوع دام، بیشترین کوبیدگی و کمترین عناصر غذایی خاک را داشت. درمجموع می‌توان گفت چرای بز مرخز با شدت کم، تأثیر کمتری بر ویژگی‌‌های شیمیایی و فیزیکی خاک در جنگل‌‌های مورد مطالعه داشت و می‌‌توان از آن به‌‌عنوان گزینه سازگارتر با جنگل‌‌های بلوط زاگرس شمالی نام برد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of grazing intensity and type of livestock on physical and chemical properties of forest soil (Case study: Armardeh Forest, Baneh, Iran)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sara Sadeghi 1
  • Kyumars Mohammadi Samani 2
  • Vahid Hosseini 3
  • Zahed Shakeri 4
1 MSc. Graduated in Forest Ecology and Silviculture, Faculty of Natural Resources. University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, I. R. Iran
2 Corresponding author, Assistant Prof., Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
3 Assistant Prof., Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
4 Social-Ecological interactions in Agricultural Systems, University of Goettingen and University of Kassel, Germany
چکیده [English]

Although livestock grazing is known as a historic disturbance in forest ecosystems, but we still need more understanding about how it can affect soil properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of grazing intensity and type of livestock on the physical and chemical properties of soil in the Armardeh forests, Baneh County in the Kurdistan Province. Therefore, five areas were selected with different grazing intensity and livestock types. In total, 68 soil samples from 0-10 cm depth were taken and the most important physical and chemical soil factors including N, P, K, SOM, soil texture, and compaction were measured. Redundancy Analysis (RDA) method and CANOCO software were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that environmental variables are able to interpret 58.9% of the total variation. Four variables including stocking rate in grazing season, (Maraz goat+Mo goat+ sheep and cow), Mo goat+sheep, and finally Q. libani-Q. infectoria forest-type were selected as the most important variables in forward selection of RDA and responsible for 42.1% of total variation. Soil properties showed the most similarity between control and second treatment (Maraz goat with low-density grazing) and with generally lower soil compaction and higher SOM, N, K and P. On the contrary, the fifth treatment had the highest soil compaction and the lowest soil nutrient level. In conclusion, Maraz goat associated with low-intensity grazing rate caused lower effects on physical and chemical properties of soil in the study area and it can be recommended to local herder as a better adapted livestock to the Zagros oak forests.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Maraz goat
  • oak forest
  • redundancy analysis
  • soil compaction
  • stocking rate

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