راهبردهای مدیریتی مؤثر بر بهره‌برداری پایدار از خدمات فرهنگی بوم‌سازگان جنگل در شهرستان جوانرود

نوع مقاله : علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دکتری جنگلداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه گیلان، صومعه سرا، ایران

2 نویسنده مسئول، دانشیار، گروه جنگل‌داری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه گیلان، صومعه‌‌سرا، ایران

3 دانشیار، بخش تحقیقات جنگل‌ها و مراتع، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان کردستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج

4 دانشیار، گروه مهندسی نقشه برداری، دانشکده عمران، آب و محیط زیست، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: جنگل‌های زاگرس، یکی از مهم‌ترین بوم‌سازگان‌‌های طبیعی در ایران هستند که نقش حیاتی در توسعه اقتصادی و بوم‌شناختی کشور و حفظ منابع آب و خاک دارند. این جنگل‌ها در گذشته بیشتر از 10 میلیون هکتار وسعت داشتند، اما به‌دلیل بهره‌برداری‌های بی‌رویه طی سال‌های متمادی، دچار تخریب و کاهش مساحت شده‌اند. استان کرمانشاه در بخش زاگرس شمالی دارای حدود 646 هزار هکتار پوشش جنگلی است که 25 درصد از سطح این استان را در برمی‌گیرد. تاکنون، خدمات فرهنگی بوم‌سازگانِ‌ جنگلی (منافع غیرمادی که مردم از طریق تفریح، تأمل و تجربه‌های زیبایی‌شناختی از جنگل‌ دریافت می‌کنند) در استان کرمانشاه، کمتر مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. پژوهش پیش‌رو با هدف بررسی چهارچوب تحلیل سوآت و ارائه راهکارها و راهبردهای اجرایی و مدیریتی به‌منظور استفاده از خدمات فرهنگی بوم‌سازگان جنگل در شهرستان جوانرود انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌‌‌ها: این پژوهش از نوع توصیفی- تحلیلی است که در شهرستان جوانرود واقع در شمال غرب استان کرمانشاه انجام شد. جمعیت این شهرستان 71,325 نفر است. جامعه آماری شامل 90 نفر از کارشناسان و متخصصان در سه سطح شهرستانی (35 نفر از نقش‌آفرینان محلی)، استانی و کشوری (55 نفر از کارشناسان میراث فرهنگی و منابع طبیعی) بود که براساس فرمول کوکران با خطای 10 درصد و به‌روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند انتخاب شدند. داده‌ها از طریق پرسش‌نامه با مقیاس لیکرت پنج‌گزینه‌ای و مصاحبه جمع‌آوری شد. این اطلاعات با استفاده از تحلیل SWOT و ماتریس SPAC آنالیز شدند. برای تفکیک اجزای چهارگانه تحلیل سوآت، مرز شهرستان جوانرود به‌عنوان مرز سیستم در نظر گرفته شد.
نتایج: یافته‌های این پژوهش نشان داد که از مجموع 19 نقطه قوت شناسایی‌شده، مهم‌ترین آن‌ها به‌ترتیبِ اهمیت شامل وجود بازارچه مرزی با وزن نسبی 84 درصد، آب‌وهوای معتدل با بارندگی مناسب با وزن نسبی 67/80 درصد و وجود جنگل‌های طبیعی بلوط به مساحت 56,773 هکتار با وزن نسبی 44/80 درصد هستند. همچنین، از میان 19 نقطه ‌ضعف شناسایی‌شده، زیرساخت ضعیف شهرستان (جاده‌ها و ارتباطات) با وزن نسبی 78/87 درصد، افزایش آتش‌سوزی‌های سالانه در عرصه‌های طبیعی با وزن نسبی 78/85 درصد و دپوی زباله‌های شهرستان در رویشگاه‌های جنگلی با وزن نسبی 78/81 درصد به‌عنوان مهم‌ترین نقاط ضعف مطرح بودند. در بررسی 10 فرصت شناسایی‌شده، وجود جنگل‌ها و مراتع غنی در استان کرمانشاه با وزن نسبی 78/81 درصد، وجود آثار تاریخی متعدد در این استان (مانند طاق‌بستان، معبد آناهیتا و غار قوری قلعه) با وزن نسبی 74 درصد و مجاورت با کلان‌شهر کرمانشاه با وزن نسبی 11/73 درصد به‌عنوان مهم‌ترین فرصت‌ها شناخته شدند. اصلی‌ترین تهدیدها از میان 10 تهدید شناسایی‌شده نیز شامل تخریب جنگل‌ها و مراتع توسط افراد غیربومی با وزن نسبی 89/78 درصد، بحران‌های محیط‌زیستی (سیلاب‌ها، تغییرات آب‌وهوایی و خشک‌سالی) با وزن نسبی 67/78 درصد و ریزگردها و تغییر اقلیم با وزن نسبی 78/77 درصد بودند.
نتیجه‌گیری کلی: براساس تحلیل ماتریس ارزیابی موقعیت و اقدام راهبردی، ازنظر کل نقش‌آفرینان (05/4-، 55/0-)، نقش‌آفرینان جوانرود (52/9-، 31/1-)، نقش‌آفرینان استان کرمانشاه (57/0-، 14/1-) و نقش‌آفرینان تهران (55/0-، 8/1)، راهبردهای تدافعی و محافظه‌کارانه برای توسعه خدمات فرهنگی در جنگل‌های شهرستان جوانرود تأیید شد. این نتایج نشان می‌دهد که برای بهره‌برداری پایدار از خدمات فرهنگی بوم‌سازگان‌ در شهرستان جوانرود به ارتقای زیرساخت‌های شهرستان (به‌خصوص جاده)، تقویت یگان حفاظت منابع طبیعی و ارتباط با دستگاه‌های اجرایی دیگر و نیز تقویت ترویج در حوزه منابع طبیعی نیاز است.
 
تحلیل SWOT، توسعه پایدار، جنگل‌های زاگرس، خدمات بوم‌سازگان‌.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effective management strategies for sustainable exploitation of cultural services in the the forest ecosystem of Javanrud County, Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Zeinab Azizi 1
  • Iraj Hassanzad Navroodi 2
  • Maziar Heidari 3
  • Zahra Azizi 4
1 Ph.D. of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowme'eh Sara, Iran
2 Corresponding author, Associate Prof., Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowme'eh Sara, Iran
3 Associate Prof., Forests and Rangelands Research Department, Kurdistan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Sanandaj, Iran
4 Associate Prof., Department of Geoinformation and Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: The Zagros forests are among the most important natural ecosystems in Iran, playing a vital role in the country’s economic and ecological development, as well as in the conservation of water and soil resources. These forests, which once covered more than 10 million hectares, have experienced degradation and reduction in area due to unsustainable exploitation over many years. Kermanshah Province, located in the northern Zagros region, with 646,514 hectares of forest cover representing 25% of the province’s area, is of particular importance. However, the cultural services of the ecosystem, such as the intangible benefits people receive through recreation, contemplation, and aesthetic experiences, have received less attention. Therefore, this research aimed to apply the SWOT analysis framework and provide practical management strategies and solutions for the utilization of cultural services in Javanrud County.
Methodology: This descriptive–analytical study was conducted in Javanrud County, located in the northwest of Kermanshah Province. The statistical population consisted of 90 experts and specialists at the county level (35 local stakeholders), as well as at the provincial and national levels (55 experts in cultural heritage and natural resources). Participants were selected using a purposive sampling method based on the Cochran formula with a 10% error margin. Data were collected through questionnaires using a 5-point Likert scale and semi-structured interviews. The collected data were analyzed using SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis and the SPACE (Strategic Position and Action Evaluation) matrix. The boundaries of Javanrud County were considered as the system boundary for the four-component SWOT analysis.
Results: The findings identified 19 key strengths, among which the most important were the existence of a border market (84% relative weight), a temperate climate with adequate rainfall (80.67% relative weight), and the presence of 56,773 hectares of natural oak forests (80.44% relative weight). Among the 19 identified weaknesses, poor county infrastructure (roads and communications) (87.78% relative weight), the increasing annual occurrence of wildfires in natural areas (85.78% relative weight), and waste dumping in forest sites (81.78% relative weight) were identified as the most significant. Among the 10 identified opportunities, the existence of rich forests and rangelands in Kermanshah Province (81.78% relative weight), the presence of numerous historical sites in the province (74% relative weight), and the proximity to the metropolitan city of Kermanshah (73.11% relative weight) were recognized as the most important opportunities. The 10 identified threats were mainly associated with the destruction of forests and rangelands by non-local people (78.89% relative weight), environmental crises such as floods, climate change, and droughts (78.67% relative weight), and dust storms and climate change (77.78% relative weight).
Conclusion: Based on the SPACE matrix analysis, the strategic positions obtained from the perspectives of all stakeholders (-4.05, -0.55), stakeholders in Javanrud County (0.00, 1.80), stakeholders in Kermanshah Province (-0.57, -1.14), and stakeholders in Tehran (-10.34, -1.21) indicated that defensive and offensive strategies are the most appropriate approaches for the development of cultural services in the forests of Javanrud County. These findings suggest that the sustainable utilization of ecosystem cultural services in Javanrud County requires improving the county’s infrastructure, particularly roads, strengthening the natural resources protection unit and its coordination with other executive agencies, and enhancing extension and educational programs in the field of natural resources management.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Ecosystem services
  • sustainable development
  • SWOT analysis
  • Zagros forests

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