بررسی پایداری خاکدانه در ارتباط با ویژگی‌های فیزیوگرافی و تراکم تاج‌‌پوشش اشکوب فوقانی در جنگل‌‌های زاگرس

نوع مقاله : علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکترای جنگل‌شناسی و اکولوژی جنگل، گروه علوم جنگل، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران

2 نویسنده مسئول، دانشیار، گروه علوم جنگل، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران

3 استاد، گروه علوم جنگل، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران

4 استادیار، گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: خاک از مهم‌ترین اجزای بوم‌سازگان‌‌های طبیعی است و ارتباط مستقیمی با پوشش گیاهی دارد. پایداری خاکدانه از ویژگی‌های فیزیکی مهم خاک محسوب می‌شود که نقش اساسی در افزایش نفوذپذیری و جلوگیری از فرسایش خاک دارد و برای سلامت بوم‌سازگان‌ مهم است. باتوجه‌به تمرکز بر ویژگی‌های شیمیایی و زیستی در بیشتر پژوهش‌ها، ویژگی‌های فیزیکی خاک ازجمله پایداری خاکدانه، کمتر مورد توجه پژوهشگران قرار گرفته‌اند. در این پژوهش، پایداری خاکدانه تحت تأثیر اثرات هم‌زمان تراکم تاج‌پوشش و تغییرات ارتفاع از سطح دریا و جهت دامنه بررسی شد. همچنین، ارتباط بین تغییرات پایداری خاکدانه با رطوبت و مقدار ماده آلی خاک مقایسه شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: این پژوهش در منطقه جنگلی زاگرس (کوه شلم) در استان ایلام با در نظر گرفتن شرایط فیزیوگرافی مختلف انجام گرفت. 60 نمونه خاک از عمق صفر تا 15 سانتی‌متری خاک برداشت شد. نمونه‌‌ها از توده‌‌های با تراکم تاج‌پوشش متفاوت (تنک و ‌نیمه‌انبوه) در دو جهت شمالی و جنوبی و در سه طبقه ارتفاع از سطح دریا (1750 تا 1850، 1850 تا 1950 و 1950 تا2050 متر) براساس طرح تصادفی سیستماتیک برداشت شدند تا اثرات متقابل تاج‌پوشش، جهت دامنه و ارتفاع بر ویژگی‌های خاک (شامل رطوبت خاک، ماده آلی و پایداری خاکدانه) بررسی شوند. تجزیه و تحلیل آماری با استفاده از تجزیه واریانس سه‌طرفه (Three-way ANOVA) در قالب مدل خطی عمومی (GLM) انجام شد. علاوه‌براین، برای بررسی همبستگی بین ویژگی‌های مختلف خاک مانند ماده آلی، رطوبت و پایداری خاکدانه‌ها از نرم‌افزار R و بسته‌های آماری مختلف استفاده شد.
نتایج: یافته‌های پژوهش پیش‌رو نشان داد که جهت دامنه و تراکم تاج‌پوشش به‌طور معنی‌دار بر میانگین وزنی قطر خاک‌دانه‌ها، رطوبت خاک و میزان ماده آلی تأثیرگذار هستند (05/0p<). بیشینه پایداری خاک‌دانه‌ها (69/0=MWD) در دامنه‌های شمالی و در مناطق با تراکم تاج‌پوشش نیمه‌‌انبوه مشاهده شد. به‌طور مشابه، بیشترین رطوبت خاک (46/12 درصد) و ماده آلی (39/6 درصد) نیز در مناطق با تاج‌پوشش نیمه‌‌انبوه و در دامنه‌های شمالی ثبت شد که به‌‌طور معنی‌‌داری بیشتر از دامنه‌های جنوبی و تاج‌پوشش تنک بودند. علاوه‌‌‌براین، همبستگی مثبت و معنی‌‌داری بین رطوبت خاک، میزان ماده آلی و پایداری خاک‌دانه‌ها مشاهده شد که نشان‌دهنده ارتباط متقابل این عوامل در بهبود کیفیت خاک است. این همبستگی‌ها بیانگر آن هستند که افزایش تراکم پوشش گیاهی، درختان و درختچه‌ها در این منطقه جنگلی نیمه‌خشک سبب افزایش رطوبت خاک می‌شود و درنتیجه، بهبود پایداری خاک‌دانه‌ها و کاهش فرسایش خاک را به‌دنبال دارد. تراکم بیشتر پوشش گیاهی باعث می‌شود که تبخیر سطحی کاهش یابد و مقدار بیشتری از رطوبت در خاک حفظ شود. ازطرف دیگر، تجمع مواد آلی به‌واسطه تجزیه پوشش گیاهی به بهبود ساختار خاک و افزایش پایداری آن منجر می‌شود.
نتیجه‌گیری: این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که مدیریت پایدار جنگل‌های زاگرس، به‌ویژه حفظ تاج‌پوشش درختان و درختچه‌‌ها، نقش مهمی در جلوگیری از تخریب خاک، حفظ پایداری خاکدانه و درنتیجه، سلامت بوم‌سازگان‌ در این مناطق جنگلی دارد. کاهش تراکم تاج‌پوشش سبب کاهش پایداری خاک‌دانه‌ها و ماده آلی خاک می‌شود. این فرایند به شکل افزایش فرسایش خاک نمود پیدا می‌کند، بنابراین اجرای راهکارهایی که بر تقویت پوشش گیاهی و افزایش پایداری خاک‌دانه‌ها تمرکز دارند، می‌تواند نقش مهمی در حفظ منابع طبیعی و کاهش خطر فرسایش خاک ایفا کند.
 
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Assessment of aggregate stability in relation to physiographic characteristics and canopy density in the Zagros Forests, Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Narges Pordel 1
  • Jaafar Hosseinzadeh 2
  • Mehdi Heydari 3
  • Reza Omidipour 4
1 Ph.D. Student, Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
2 Corresponding author, Associate Prof., Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
3 Prof., Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
4 Assistant Prof., Department of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Soil is one of the most important components of natural ecosystems and has a direct relationship with vegetation cover. Soil aggregate stability is a crucial physical property that plays an essential role in enhancing permeability and preventing soil erosion, key factors for ecosystem health. While much research has focused on chemical and biological properties, physical characteristics like aggregate stability have received less attention. This study investigates soil aggregate stability under the combined effects of canopy cover density, elevation above sea level, and slope aspect, while examining its relationships with soil moisture and organic matter content.
Methodology: The study was conducted in the Zagros forest region (Shalam Mountain), Ilam province, Iran, across various physiographic conditions. A total of 60 soil samples were collected from 0–15 cm depth. Samples came from stands with sparse and semi-dense canopy cover on northern and southern aspects, across three elevation classes (1750–1850, 1850–1950, and 1950–2050 m a.s.l.), using systematic random sampling to assess the interactive effects of canopy cover, slope aspect, and elevation on soil moisture, organic matter, and aggregate stability. Statistical analysis employed three-way ANOVA within a general linear model (GLM) framework. R software and relevant packages were used to analyze correlations among soil organic matter, moisture, and aggregate stability.
Results: Slope aspect and canopy cover density significantly affected (p < 0.05) mean weight diameter (MWD) of soil aggregates, soil moisture, and organic matter. The highest aggregate stability (MWD = 0.69 mm) occurred on northern slopes in semi-dense areas. Similarly, the highest soil moisture (12.46%) and organic matter (6.39%) were recorded in semi-dense, northern-aspect sites, significantly greater than in southern slopes and sparse areas. Significant positive correlations existed between soil moisture, organic matter, and aggregate stability, highlighting their interrelationships in improving soil quality. These findings indicate that higher tree and shrub cover density in this semi-arid region boosts soil moisture, enhancing aggregate stability and reducing erosion. Greater plant cover also reduces surface evaporation, promoting moisture retention, while litter decomposition accumulates organic matter to improve soil structure and stability.
Conclusion: This research shows that sustainable management of Zagros forests, especially preserving tree and shrub canopy cover, plays a key role in preventing soil degradation, maintaining aggregate stability, and sustaining ecosystem health. Reduced canopy density lowers aggregate stability and organic matter, increasing erosion risk. Thus, strategies to enhance vegetation cover and soil aggregate stability are essential for conserving natural resources.
 
 
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Forest canopy
  • oak
  • physiographic characteristics
  • soil erosion
  • soil properties

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