مروری بر نقش سازمان‌های مردم نهاد و بنیادهای خیریه در احیا و توسعه پوشش گیاهی و فضای سبز با تکیه بر تجارب جهانی و ایران

نوع مقاله : علمی- مروری

نویسندگان

1 نویسنده مسئول، پژوهشگر، مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران

2 استادیار، مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: با توسعه جهان شهری، محیط‌زیست و فضاهای سبز شهری و حمایت از آن، به‌عنوان پیونددهنده زندگی ماشینی شهری با طبیعت، به یکی از دل‌مشغولی‌‌های اصلی شهروندان و دولت‌ها در سراسر دنیا تبدیل شده است. این پژوهش با هدف بیان اهمیت سازمان‌های مردم‌نهاد و خیرین در احیا و توسعه پوشش گیاهی باتوجه‌به تجربه‌های جهانی و ایران با رویکرد مطالعه‌های تطبیقی، سوابق اجرایی و عملکردی در حوزه محیط‌های طبیعی، پوشش گیاهی و فضای سبز به‌صورت بررسی‌‌های کتابخانه‌‌ای، تحقیق در اینترنت و پرس‌وجو از مؤسسه‌ها و سازمان‌های مردم‌‌نهاد داخلی و خارجی دنبال شده است.
مواد و روش‌‌ها: پژوهش پیش‌رو با معرفی تعدادی از بزرگ‌ترین و مهم‌ترین بنیادهای نیکوکاری یا خیر و سازمان‌های مردم‌نهاد در حوزه حفاظت از طبیعت و محیط‌زیست در دنیا آغاز می‌‌شود. این بنیادها و سازمان‌ها که اغلب در کشورهای آمریکا و انگلیس هستند، به‌نوعی از آموزش رد شده‌اند و وارد مرحله اجرا درزمینه احیای جنگل‌های محلی، جنگل‌های جهان، جنگل‌کاری، حفاظت از محیط‌زیست، افزایش تنوع زیستی، تغییر اقلیم و مباحث دیگر شده‌‌اند. علاوه‌بر‌این، یکی از مهم‌ترین و بزرگ‌ترین بنیادهای خیریه در تعدادی از کشورهای با شرایط مشابه (ارمنستان، ترکیه و لبنان) و متفاوت (چین، کره ‌‌جنوبی، نروژ، آلمان، برزیل و کانادا) در مقایسه با ایران، با تکیه‌بر اهداف اساسی احیا و توسعه جنگل نیز مطالعه شده و روش اجرایی کار آن‌ها نیز توضیح داده شده است. در حوزه مطالعه‌های داخلی نیز فعالیت‌‌ مؤسسه‌های طبیعت، پاما، روستاگل ورجین و الگن تشریح شده و اقدام‌های قابل توجه آن‌ها نیز بررسی شده است. درانتها، به نقش برخی از خیرین که در احیا و توسعه پوشش گیاهی داخل کشور نیز اقدام‌هایی را انجام داده‌‌اند، اشاره می‌‌شود.
نتایج: مطالعه‌های صورت‌گرفته نشان داد که در میان کشورهای مشابه با ایران، مؤسسه «تما» در کشور ترکیه با سابقه فعالیت سی‌ساله در عرصه‌‌های ملی و بین‌‌المللی به‌عنوان یکی از مؤسسه‌های موفق و الگو، فعالیت‌های قابل‌توجهی را درزمینه ایجاد جنگل، آموزش، مطالعه‌های آب‌وهوایی و تنوع‌‌زیستی انجام داده است. در میان کشورهای متفاوت با ایران، مؤسسه «ترا» از کشور برزیل نیز با هدف احیا جنگل‌های منطقه، محیط‌‌زیست و توسعه پایدار روستایی طی یک دوره بیست‌ساله، اقدام‌های مهمی را در حوزه احیای جنگل‌ها، بازگشت حیات‌‌وحش و پوشش گیاهی منطقه انجام داده است. در میان مؤسسه‌های داخلی مورد مطالعه نیز مؤسسه روستاگل ورجین با تنوعی از فعالیت‌‌های صورت‌گرفته در حوزه فعالیت‌‌های محیط‌زیستی، سهم قابل‌توجهی را در احیا و توسعه پوشش گیاهی و فضای سبز شهری به‌عهده دارد. همه این مؤسسه‌ها و بنیادها، اهداف مشترکی در حوزه فعالیتی خود دارند. به‌طوری‌که حمایت و مشارکت بیشتر این گروه‌‌ها با یکدیگر می‌‌تواند هدف بزرگ احیا و توسعه پوشش گیاهی را محقق کند، بنابراین نمی‌‌توان اذعان داشت که فعالیت کدام‌یک بهتر و یا بیشتر است. زیرا وجود همه آن‌ها در جامعه لازم است. در واقع ﺑﺮای ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ این وظیفه در دنیا و حتی یک ﮐﺸﻮر به ﯾﮏ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻗﺪرﺗﻤﻨﺪ نیاز است. ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻗﺪرﺗﻤﻨﺪ نیز ﻧﯿﺎزﻣﻨﺪ ﻣﺸﺎرﮐﺖ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﺮدم اﺳﺖ که زﻣﯿﻨﻪ‌‌ﻫﺎی این ﻣﺸﺎرﮐﺖ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ شود.
نتیجه‌گیری کلی: به‌طورکلی به‌منظور بهبود وضعیت و فعالیت سازمان‌های مردم‌نهاد می‌‌توان مواردی مانند اطلاع‌‌رسانی و آموزش، تقویت تبلیغات صدا و سیما درزمینه موضوع‌های محیط‌زیستی، بیان مشکلات محیط‌زیستی، ارائه تسهیلات بانکی و قانونی برای این سازمان‌ها، معرفی گونه‌‌های بومی هر منطقه برای کاشت، توان‌افزایی جوامع محلی، معرفی واحدهای پژوهشی و افراد صاحب‌‌نظر در حوزه احیا و توسعه و ارتباط سازمان‌های مردم‌نهاد، خیرین و دولت را به‌عنوان مهم‌ترین اقدام‌های مدیریتی برای احیا و توسعه پوشش گیاهی در سطح کشور نام برد.
 
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

A review of NGOs and charities in restoring and developing green spaces and vegetation: Global and Iranian experiences

نویسندگان [English]

  • F. Hatami 1
  • S.J. Seid Akhlaghi 2
1 Corresponing author, Researcher, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
2 Assistant Prof, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: In today’s urbanized world, the preservation of the environment and urban green spaces has become a major concern for citizens and governments worldwide. This study aims to emphasize the importance of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and charitable foundations in the reforestation and afforestation of vegetation cover. Using a comparative approach, the study examines global and Iranian experiences and evidence, and reviews executive and functional records in the field of natural environments, vegetation, and green spaces through library surveys, internet research, and inquiries made to domestic and foreign institutions and organizations.
Methodology: This study introduces some of the most significant charitable foundations and NGOs in the field of nature and environmental protection worldwide. These organizations, mainly based in the United States and England, have completed their education and entered the stage of implementing initiatives for the restoration of local forests, world forests, forestry, environmental protection, increasing biodiversity, climate change, and other related topics. Additionally, the study examines the forest reforestation and afforestation goals and implementation methods of the most important charitable foundations in countries similar to Iran, including Armenia, Turkey, and Lebanon, as well as different countries such as China, South Korea, Norway, Germany, Brazil, and Canada. The study also describes the activities of internal organizations such as Nature, Pama, Roostagol Varjin, and Algan, and analyzes their significant actions and measures taken. Finally, the role of certain charities that have taken action in restoring and developing vegetation in the country is discussed.
Results: The results of this study showed that among the countries similar to Iran, the “Tema” Institute in Turkey, with a 30-year history at the national and international levels, has carried out significant activities in the fields of forest restoration, education, climate studies, and biodiversity. Among different countries, the “Terra” Institute of Brazil has also undertaken important measures in the fields of reforestation, wildlife return, and vegetation restoration, aiming to restore the region’s forests, environment, and promote sustainable rural development over a period of 20 years. Among domestic institutions, Roostagol Varjin has made a significant contribution to the reforestation and afforestation of vegetation and urban green spaces. All these institutions and foundations share common goals in their field of activity, and through the support and participation of these groups together, the great goal of vegetation reforestation and afforestation can be realized. Therefore, it is not possible to determine which activity is superior; all of them are necessary in society. In fact, for the development of this task globally and even within a country, we need a powerful society, and a powerful society requires the participation of more people, and the grounds for this participation must be provided.
Conclusion: To improve the status and activities of NGOs, several measures can be taken, including providing information and training, strengthening environmental advertisements on radio and television, expressing environmental problems, and providing banking and legal facilities for these organizations. Additionally, introducing native species for planting in each region, empowering local communities, establishing research units and experts in the field of reforestation and afforestation, and promoting communication between NGOs, donors, and the government are the most important management measures for restoring and developing vegetation at the national level.
 
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Charitable foundations
  • non-governmental organizations (NGO)
  • participation
  • reforestation and afforestation
  • vegetation cover

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