‌‌اثر عوامل بوم‌شناختی بر سازگاری‌‌های فیزیولوژیکی، آناتومیکی و مورفولوژیکی برگ توسکای ییلاقی (.Alnus subcordata C.A.Mey) در جنگل‌‌های هیرکانی

نوع مقاله : علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 نویسنده مسئول، دانشجوی دکتری، فیزیولوژی گیاهی ، گروه زیستشناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران

2 استاد پژوهش، مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران

3 استاد، گروه زیستشناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران

4 دانشیار پژوهش، مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران

5 استادیار، گروه زیستشناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران

چکیده

در پژوهش پیش‌رو، اثر عوامل بوم‌شناختی بر تغییرات کمی 10 صفت فیزیولوژیکی، 12 صفت آناتومیکی و دو صفت مورفولوژیکی برگ در شش جمعیت مختلف توسکای ییلاقی (Alnus subcordata C.A.Mey.) در سه طبقه ارتفاعی پایین‌‌بند، میان‌‌بند و بالابند در غرب (استان گیلان) و شرق (استان گلستان) جنگل‌‌های هیرکانی مقایسه شد. از تجزیه واریانس دوطرفه به‌منظور بررسی اثر عوامل بوم‌شناختی (دما و بارش) و برهم‌‌کنش آن‌ها بر متغیرهای مورد مطالعه استفاده شد. روش تجزیه به مؤلفه‌‌های اصلی نیز برای ارزیابی همبستگی بین صفات برگ و ارتباط آن‌ها با عوامل بوم‌شناختی به‌کار برده شد. براساس نتایج به‌دست‌آمده، فعالیت آنزیم‌‌های کاتالاز و پراکسیداز و مقدار پرولین در شرق جنگل‌های هیرکانی به‌طور معنی‌داری کم­تر از غرب این جنگل‌ها و مقدار فنل برگ در استان گلستان بیش از 5/1 برابر استان گیلان بود. تفاوت معنی‌‌داری بین دو این استان ازنظر فعالیت آنزیم سوپراکسید‌‌دیسموتاز و مقدار قند محلول مشاهده نشد. سوپراکسید‌‌دیسموتاز با افزایش ارتفاع از سطح دریا به‌طور معنی‌داری زیاد شد، درحالی‌که مقدار قند محلول از پایین‌بند تا میان‌‌بند، افزایش و در بالابند کاهش یافت. در مقدار کلروفیل‌‌های a و b، کلروفیل کل و کاروتنوئید برگ بین دو استان و در ارتفاعات مختلف و نیز اثر ناشی از برهم‌‌کنش عوامل بوم‌شناختی بر آن‌ها، اختلاف معنی‌داری مشاهده نشد. مهم­ترین سازگاری‌‌های مهم مورفولوژیکی و آناتومیکی برگ نسبت به خشکی شامل افزایش صفات ضخامت برگ، تراکم و طول روزنه سطح پایینی، ضخامت کوتیکول سلول‌های پایینی، ضخامت سلول‌‌های اپیدرم بالایی، ضخامت سلول‌‌های نردبانی، ضخامت سلول‌‌های اسفنجی، ضخامت رگ‌برگ میانی، ضخامت و تعداد سلول‌های پارانشیمی پایینی رگ­برگ میانی بودند. بین صفات مورفولوژیکی و بیشتر ویژگی‌های فیزیولوژیکی برگ توسکای ییلاقی با عوامل بوم‌شناختی، همبستگی‌ وجود داشت. همچنین، اثرات متقابل عوامل بوم‌شناختی بر برخی صفات آناتومیکی برگ، معنی‌‌دار بودند. به‌‌نظر می‌‌رسد سازش‌‌های آناتومیکی که طی مدت طولانی در گیاهان ایجاد می‌‌‌شوند، شاخص‌‌های مناسب‌‌تری برای سنجش اثرات تنش خشکی بر آن‌ها باشند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The effects of ecological factors on physiological, anatomical and morphological adaptations of Alnus subcordata C.A.Mey. in the Hyrcanian Forests

نویسندگان [English]

  • R. Abbas-Azimi 1
  • A. Jalili 2
  • Gh. Bakhshi-Khaniki 3
  • M. Matinizadeh 4
  • H. Sobhanian 5
1 Corresponding author, Ph.D. Student of Plant Physiology , Department of Biology, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran
2 Prof., Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, AREEO, Tehran, Iran
3 Prof., Department of Biology, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran
4 Associate Prof., Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, AREEO, Tehran, Iran
5 Assistant Prof., Department of Biology, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

     The effects of ecological factors and their interaction on quantitative changes of 10 physiological, 12 anatomical and two morphological traits of leaves in six different populations of Caucasian alder (Alnus subcordata C.A.Mey.) in the west (Guilan province) and east (Golestan province) of Hyrcanian forests were examined and statistically compared in three altitudinal ranges of lowlands, midlands and highlands. Two-way analysis of variance was used to investigate the effect of ecological factors in the region (temperature and precipitation) and their interaction on the studied variables. The principal component analysis (PCA) was used for the correlation between leaf traits and the relationship between environmental factors. The activity of catalase, peroxidase enzymes and proline were significantly different between the two provinces and showed an increasing trend from west to east. In addition, the amount of phenol in the site located in Golestan province was about 1.5 times that of Guilan province. There was no significant difference between the levels of superoxide dismutase activity and the amount of soluble sugar between the two provinces. Superoxide dismutase showed an increasing trend from lowlands to highlands, but the amount of soluble sugar increased from low altitudes to midlands and decreased in the highlands. There was no significant difference in the amount of chlorophylls a and b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids between the two provinces and at different altitudes, as well as the effects of the interaction of ecological factors on them. The most important morphological and anatomical adaptations to drought included increased leaf thickness, stomata density and length, abaxial cuticle thickness, epidermal cell thickness, thickness of palisade cells, thickness of spongy cells, middle vein thickness, thickness of vein abaxial parenchyma cells and number of abaxial parenchyma layers of vein. There was a correlation between most leaf physiological as well as morphological traits and ecological factors. The results of analysis of variance and the interaction of ecological factors on some anatomical features of Caucasian alder leaves were significant. It seems that the anatomical adaptations that are formed in plants over a long period of time are more appropriate indicators for measuring drought stress in plants.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Catalase
  • ecophysiology
  • epidermal traits
  • peroxidase
  • proline
  • stomata

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