رقابت درون‌گونه‌ای ارژن (Amygdalus orientalis Duh.) تحت‌تأثیر عامل‌های فیزیوگرافی

نوع مقاله : علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جنگلداری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

2 دانشیار دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

3 استاد دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

چکیده

این پژوهش به‌منظور مطالعه میزان رقابت درون‌گونه‌ای ارژن (.Amygdalus orientalis Duh) تحت‌تأثیر عامل‌های فیزیوگرافی (شیب، جهت و ارتفاع از سطح دریا) در ذخیره‌گاه جنگلی تنگ‌خشک سمیرم انجام شد. در منطقه موردمطالعه (هسته مرکزی ذخیره‌گاه) 30 پلات دایره‌ای‌شکل 20 آری به‌صورت کاملاً تصادفی پیاده شد. درون هر پلات، چهار میکروپلات رقابت درنظر گرفته شد و میزان رقابت بین پایه‌های ارژن توسط شاخص رقابت Schütz اندازه‌گیری شد. درون هر پلات شیب، جهت دامنه و ارتفاع از سطح دریا ثبت شد. به‌منظور تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها از روش تجزیه واریانس و آزمون‌های ناپارامتری معادل استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد در جهت‌های غربی میزان شاخص رقابت بیشتر است. از لحاظ ارتفاع از سطح دریا نیز از طبقه ارتفاعی بالاتر از 2201 تا 2300، میزان شاخص رقابت کاهش می‌یابد. همچنین با افزایش شیب میزان این شاخص کاهش می‌یابد و به این مفهوم است که در ارتفاعات بالا و در شیب‌های تند به‌دلیل عمق کم خاک و منابع محدود، رقابت بین پایه‌های ارژن بر سر منابع بسیار شدید است. این مهم باید در جنگلکاری در ارتفاعات و در شیب‌های تند درنظر گرفته شود و در هنگام کاشت نهال، فاصله مناسب بین آنها رعایت شود.
 
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Intraspecific competition of Amygdalus orientalis as influenced by physiographic factors

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohsen Elahi 1
  • Moslem Akbarinia 2
  • Ebrahim Mohamadi Goltapeh 3
1 M.Sc. Student of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, I.R. Iran.
2 Associate Prof., Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, I.R. Iran.
3 Prof., Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, I.R. Iran.
چکیده [English]

The objective of this research was to study the intraspecific competition for Amygdalus orientalis as influenced by physiographic factors (Slope, Aspect and Elevation) in the Semiroms Tang Khoshk forest reserve. To this aim, a number of 30 circular plots each encompassing 0.2 ha were randomly recorded in the study area. Within each plot, four circular competition plots were designed, and the competition amongst shrubs were measured by means of Schütz competition index. The physiographic attributes including slope, aspect and altitude were recorded within each plot. Non-parametric tests as well as the analysis of variance were used to analyze the dataset. The results showed that the competition index is substantially higher on western slopes. In addition, the competition index decreased on elevations higher than 2201-2300 m, as well along with increasing the slope. It can be concluded that the competition amongst shrubs for nutrient and resources at high altitudes and on steep slopes is intense due to low depth of soil and limited nutritional resources. Thus, this should be considered in the plantation and forest management in the high elevations and on steep slopes. Moreover, this should be followed by optimization of the distance between seedlings. 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Amygdalus orientalis
  • forest reserve
  • Schütz competition index

مراجع

- Achim, A., Wellpott, A. and Gardiner, B. 2007.Competition indices as a measure of wind loading on individual trees. Wind and Trees Conference, Vancouver, Canada, 5th - 9th August.
- Alavi, S.J., Zahedi-Amiri, Gh., Marvi-Mohajer, M.R. and Noori, Z. 2007. Physiographic factors associated with the spatial distribution of Ulmus glabra species in the forest research and education of Kheyrood-Kenar, Nowshahr. Iranian Journal of Ecology, 33: 93-100 (In Persian).
- Antoine, G. and Niklaus, E.Z. 2000. Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology. Ecological Modeling, 135: 147-186.
- Atri, M. 1997. Phytosociology. Published by Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, No. 171, 384p (In Persian).
- Bella, I.E. 1971. A new competition model for individual trees. Forest Science, 17: 364-372.
- Biging, G.S. and Dobbertin, M. 1992. A comparison of distance-dependent competition measures for height and basal area growth of individual conifer trees. Forest Science, 38: 695-720.
- Biging, G..S and Dobbertin, M. 1995. Evaluation of competition indices in individual tree growth models. Forest Science, 41: 360-377.
- Contreras, M.A., Affleck, D. and Chung, W. 2011. Evaluating tree competition indices as predictors of basal area increment in western Montana forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 262: 1939-1949.
- Coomes, D.A. and Allen, R.B. 2007. Effects of size, competition and altitude on tree growth. Journal of Ecology, 95:1084-1097.
- Daneshvar, A.,  Rahmani, R. and Habashi, H. 2007. Effect of light competition on crown expansion of trees in a mixed multi storied forests. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 14(1): 1-10 (In Persian).
- Daniels, R.F., Burkhart, H.E. and Clason, T.R. 1986. A comparison of competition measures for predicting growth of loblolly pine trees. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16: 1230-1237.
- De Luis, M., Ravents, J., Cortina, J., Moro, M.J. and Bellot, J. 1998. Assessing components of a competition index to predict growth in an even-aged Pinus nigra stand. New Forests, 15: 223-242.
- Erfanifard, S.Y., Feghhi, J., Zobeyri, M. and Namiranian, M. 2010. To study the forest canopy density mapping using aerial photographs and GIS. National Geomatics Conference, Iran, 1 -11 May.
- Fattahi, M. 1994. Zagros Oak Forest and the Most Important Destructive Factors. Published by Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, 63p (In Persian).
- Hammermaster, E.T. 1985. Forest resources mapping of Liberia, FAO Field Document, FAO, Rome.
- Holland, P.G. and Steyne, D.G. 1975. Vegetation responses to latitudinal in slope angle and aspect. Journal of Biogeography, 2:179-183.
- Holmes, M.J. and Reed, D.D. 1991. Competition indices for mixed species northern hardwoods. Forest Science, 37: 1338-1349.
- Hosseini, A. 2011. Seed dispersal and sexual regeneration natural establishment of Quercus persica, Pistacia atlantica and Acer cinerascens species in Zagros forests. Iranian Journal of Natural Ecosystems Iran, 1:65-74 (In Persian).
- Hosseini, A. 2013. Effect of site conditions and stand characteristics on tree dieback phenomenon in Persian oak forests of Ilam province. Ph.D thesis, Department of Forestry, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, 145p (In Persian).
- Hutchins, R.B., Blevins, R.L., Hill, J.D. and White, E.H. 1976. The influence of soils and microclimate on vegetation of forested slopes in eastern Kentuchy. Soil Science, 121:234-241.
- Jazirehi, M.H. and Ebrahimi Rostaghi, M. 2003. Silviculture in Zagros. Tehran University Press, 560p (In Persian).
- Keddy, P.A. 1989. Competition. Chapman and Hall, London, 576p.
- Lorimer, C.G. 1983. Tests of age-independent competition indices for individual trees in natural hardwood stands. Forest Ecology and Management, 6: 343-360.
- Mahoney, J.M. and Rood, S.B. 1998. Streamflow requirement for cottonwood seedling recruitment: an interactive model. Wetlands, 18: 634-645.
- Majnounian, H. 1998. National Park Preparation Guidance and Protected Areas for Tourism. Published by Iran Environmental Protection Organization (In Persian).
- Mandallaz, D. 2007. Sampling Techniques for Forest Inventory. Chapman and Hall, London, 256p.
- Martin, G.L. and Ek, A.R. 1984. A comparison of competition measures and growth models for predicting plantation red pine diameter and height growth. Forest Science, 30: 731-743.
- Mesdaghi, M. 2001. Description and Analysis of Vegetation. Mash'had University Press, 287p (In Persian).
- Moore, J.A., Budelsky, C.A. and Schlesinger, R.C. 1973. A new index representing individual tree competitive status. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 3: 495-505.
- O'Cinneide, M.S. 1975. Aspect and wind direction as factors in forest stability: the case of Northern Irland. Journal of Biogeography, 2:137-140.
- Park, A.D. 2001.  Environmental influences on post-harvest natural regeneration in Mexican pine-oak forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 144: 213-228.
- Peltoniemi, M. and Mäkipää, R. 2011. Quantifying distance-independent tree competition for predicting Norway spruce mortality in unmanaged forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 261:30- 42.
- Qomi Oili, A., Hosseini, S.M., Mataji, A.A. and Jalali, S.GH.A. 2007. Investigation of woody plant biodiversity and regeneration in two managed plant community in Kheirood Kenar of Nowshahr. Iranian Journal of Ecology, 43:100-106 (In Persian).
- Sabeti, H. 2002. Forests, Trees and Shrubs of Iran. Yazd University Press, 806p (In Persian).
- Schütz, J.P. 1989. Zum problem der konkurrenz in mischbeständen. Schweiz. Z. Forstwes, 140: 1069-1083.
- Shabani, S., Akbarinia, M., Jalali, S.GH.A. and Aliarab, A.R. 2010. The effect of physiographic factors on plant species diversity in forest gaps (Case study: Lalis forest, Chalous). Iranian Journal of Biology, 23 (3): 418-429 (In Persian).
- Shafroth, P.B., Stromberg, J.C. and Patten, D.T. 2000. Woody riparian vegetation response to different alluvial water table regimes. Western North American Naturalist, 60: 66-76.
- Shamekhi, T. 2009. Regulation and Natural Resources Management (Forests and Rangelands). Tehran University Press, 463p (In Persian).
- Shi, H. and Zhang, L. 2003. Local analysis of tree competition and growth. Forest Science, 49(6):938-955.
- Smith, J.M.B. 1977. Vegetation and microclimatic of east- and west- facing slopes in the grasslands of Mt. Wilhelm, Papua New Guinea. Ecology, 65:39-53.
- Stage, A.R. and Salas, Ch. 2007. Interactions of elevation, aspect, and slope in models of forest species composition and productivity. Forest Science, 53(4): 486-492.
- Taylor, J.P., Wester, D.B. and Smith, L.M. 1999. Soil disturbance, flood management and riparian woody plant establishment in the Rio Grande floodplain. Wetlands, 19: 372-382.
- Tomé, M. and Burkhart, H.E. 1989. Distance-dependent competition measures for predicting growth of individual trees. Forest Science, 35: 816-831.
- Towill, W.D. and Archibald, D.A. 1991. A competition index methodology for northwestern Ontario. Ministry of Natrual Resources, 10: 1-12.
- Walstad, J.D. and Kuch, P.J. 1987. Forest vegetation management for conifer production. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 523p.
- Weiner, J. 1990. Asymmetric competition in plant populations. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 5: 360-364.
- Wellpott, A. 2008. The Stability of Continuous Cover Forests. Ph.D. thesis, University of Edinburgh, 160p.
- Wen-jun, L., Guo-dong, D., Yin-tong, Z., Guang-lei, G. and Yu, H. 2011. The study of under different competition index the density of Larix principis plantation. International Conference on Biology, Environment and Chemistry, IACSIT Press, Singapore.
- Zar, J.H. 1999. Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice Hall International Inc, 660p.
- Zare-Chahouki, M.A., Jafari, M. and Azarnivand, H. 2008. Relationship between vegetation diversity and environmental factors in Poshtkouh rangelands of Yazd province. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi, 78: 192-199 (In Persian).

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار