Effect of sowing bed, irrigation period, seed provenance, seed cover and Effect of sowing bed, irrigation period, seed provenance, seed cover and sowing date on germination rate of Black pine seeds. Case study: Darlak nursery, Mahabad.

Document Type : Research article

Authors

1 M. Sc. Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia, I.R. Iran

2 Assistant Prof., Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia, I.R. Iran.

3 Ph. D. Student of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Rasht, I.R. Iran.

Abstract

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of sowing bed, irrigation period, seed provenance, seed cover, and sowing date treatments on Black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) seeds in Mahabad’s Darlak nursery. To achieve this goal,  a factorial design in a completely randomized pattern with 5 treatments was established, which included 4 levels of sowing bed (Control: “soil 1: manure 1: sand 1”, Treatment 1: “soil 1: manure 1: sand 2”, Treatment 2: “soil 1: manure 1: sand 4”, and Treatments 3: “sand”), 3 levels of irrigation period (every day, every 2 days, every 3 days), 5 levels of seed provenance (Urmia, Birjand, Kelardasht, Gorgan and Turkey),  2 levels of seed cover (sand and sawdust) and 2 levels of sowing date (February and March) each in 5 replications. In this design, the germination characteristics were measured during the growing season. The results showed that the best germinative characteristics of Black pine’s seeds can be achieved in the sand bed (treatment 3) by sowing seeds from Kelardasht and Urmia provenances. However, other treatments did not show any significant effect on seed germination. Furthermore, the interactions between treatments showed that the sowing bed and seed provenance were the most influential factors among the 5 treatments. The use of sand bed and seeds with Urmia and Kelardasht origins is therefore suggested to be preferred in Darlak nursery of Mahabad to ensure an improved growth and quality of Black pine seedlings.

Keywords

References

- Ahmadloo, F., Tabari, M., Rahmani, A. and Razagh-Zadeh, M. 2009a. Effect of soil composition on seed germination of Pinus halepensis Mill. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 17(3): 394-403 (In Persian).
- Ahmadloo, F., Tabari, M., Rahmani, A. and Yousef-zadeh, H. 2009b. Study of seed germination and seedling survival of Pinus brutia Ten. in different soils of nursery. Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology, 16(3): 61-76 (In Persian).
- Anonymous, 2011. Darlak nursery report. Administration of Natural Resources at Mahabad, 56p.
- Alvaninejad, S., Tabari, M., Espahbodi, K., Taghvaei, M. and Hamzepour M. 2009. Morphology and germination characteristics of Quercus brantii Lindl. acorns in nursery. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 17(4): 523-533 (In Persian).
- Ardakani, M.R. 2007. Ecology. University if Tehran Press, 340p (In Persian).
- Babour, J., Hoston, K., Eckhart, R., Parresol, B.R. and Pharo, J. 2001. Temperature effect on longleaf pine seed germination at a container nursery. USDA Forest Service, 4p.       
- Boyerr, J.N. and South, D. 2004. Date of sowing and emergence timing affect growth and development of loblolly pine seedlings. New Forests, 231: 253- 271.
- Brisette, J.C. and Chamber, J.L. 1992. Leaf water status and root system water flux of short leaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) seedlings in relation to new growth after transplanting. Tree Physiology, 11(3): 289-303.
- Brito, J.M.C., Lopes, R., Machado, A.M.V., Guerrero, C.A.C., Faleiro, L. and Beltrao, J. 2007. Sewage slugde as a horticultural substrate. Biomedical and Life Sciences, 86: 205-286.
- Chauhan, S., Negi, A.K. and Todaria, N.P. 1996. Effect of provenance variation and temperature on seed germination of Alnus nepalensis. Plant physiology and Biochemistry, 23(1): 94-95.
- Czabator, F.J. 1962. Germination value: an index combining speed and completeness of pine seed germination. Forest Science, 8: 386-396.
- Espahbodi, K., Mirzaie – Nodoushan, H., Tabari, M., Akbarinia, M. and Dehghan Shooraki, Y. 2006. Effect of seed source altitude in wild service tree, on seed germination. Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 59(1): 103-112 (In Persian).
- Fattahi, M. 1994. Investigation of adaptive introduced conifers in Kurdistan. Published by Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran, 54p (In Persian).
- Fotelli, M.N.R., Aadoglou, K.M. and Constantinidou, H.I.A. 2000. Water stress of seedlings of four Mediterranean Oak species. Tree Physiology, 20: 1065-1075.
- Gatum, M.K., Mead, D.J., Clinton, P.W. and Change, S.X. 2003. Biomass and morphology of Pinus radiate coarse root components in a sub-humid temperate silvo-pastoral system. Forest Ecology and Management, 177: 387-397.
- Harrington, J.T., Loveall, M.W. and Kirksey, R.E. 2004. Establishment and early growth of dryland plantings of arizon cypress in New Mexico, USA. Agroforestry Systems, 63: 183-192.
- Hassan, H.A., Mohamad, S.M., Abo, E.L. Ghait, E.M. and Hammad, H.H. 1994. Growth and chemical composition of Cupressus sempervirens L. seedlings in response to growing media. Annals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor, Egypt, 32: 497-509.
- Hegarty, T.W. and Royle, S.M. 1978. Soil impedance as a factor reducing crop seeding emergence, and it’s relation to soil conditions at sowing and to applied water. Journal of Applied Ecology, 15: 897-904.
- Isik, K. 1986. Altitudinal variation in Pinus brutia Ten., seed and seedling characteristics. Silvae Genetica, 35: 2-3.
- Jensen, M. 2001. Temperature relations of germination in Acer platanoids L. seeds. Forest Research, 16: 417-428.
- Jink, R., Backer, C. and Nilloughby, I. 2006. Direct seeding of Ash and Sycamore: The effects of sowing date, pre-emergent herbicides, cultivation and protection on seedling emergence and survival. Forest Ecology and Management, 237: 373-386.
- Khademi, A., Adeli, E., Babaei, S. and Mattaji, A. 2005. Study of afforestation (Khojin Forest park & Hiroabad) in Khalkhal area and present adaptable species. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 11(4): 63-73 (In Persian).
- Kundu, S.K. and Tigerstedt, P.M.A. 1997. Geographic variation in seed and seedling traits of Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) among ten populations studied in growth Chamber. Silvae Genetica, 46: 129-137.
- Masaka, K. 2003. Preliminary study of geographic trends in acorn mass and seedling emergence behavior of Quercus dentate in Hokkaido, Northern, Japan. Hokkaido Forestry Research Institute, Bibai, Hokkaido, Japan, 30p.
- McCreary, D.D. 1990. Acorn sowing date affects field performance of Blueand valley oak CA. Tree Planters Notes, 41(2): 6-9.
- Mollashahi, M., Hosseini, S.M. and Naderi, A. 2009. Effect of seed provenances on germination, height and diameter growth of wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) seedlings. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 17(1): 107-115 (In Persian).
- Mossadegh, A. 1996. Silviculture. University of Tehran Press, 481p (In Persian).
- Mossadegh, A. 1999. Afforestation and Forest Nursery. University of Tehran Press, 516p (In Persian).
- Nagakura, J., Shigenaga, H.A. and Takahashi, M. 2004. Effects of simulated drought stress on the fine roots of Japanes cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) in a plantation forest on the Kanto Plain, eastern Japan. Journal of forest Research, 12(2): 143-151.
- Nambiar, E.K.S. and Fife D.N. 2007. Growth and nutrient retranslocation in needles of radiate pine in relation to nitrogen supply. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 60: 147-156.
- Neary, D.G., Rockwood, D.I., Comerford, N.B., Swindel, B.F. and Cooksey, T.E. 1990. Importance of weed control, fertilization, irrigation and genetics in slash and loblolly pines: Early growth on poorly drained spodozole. Forest Ecology and Management, 30(1-4): 271-281.
- Norcini, J.G., Aldrich, J.H. and Martin, F.G. 2001. Seed source effects on growth and flowering of Coreopsis lanceolata and Salvia lyrata. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 19 (4): 212-215.
- Oleskog, G. and Sahlen, K. 2000. Effects of seedbed substrate on moister conditions and germination of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seeds in a mixed conifer stand. New Forests, 20: 119-133.
- Oliet, A.J., Planelles, R., Artero F. and Jacobs F.D. 2005. Nursery fertilization and tree shelters affect Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Plant Pathology, 48: 77-82.
- Panwar, P. and Bhardwaj, S.D. 2005. Handbook of Practical Forestry, Agrobios, India, 191p.
- Ranal, M.A. and Santana, D.G. 2006. How and why to measure the germination process? Revista Brasileira de Botanica, 29(1): 1-11.
- Sardabi, H. 1998. Adaptability of eucalyptus and pine different species in low land and coastal areas of eastern Mazandaran. Published by Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands, 193: 133p (In Persian).
- Shabanian, N., Heydari, M. and Zeinivand, M. 2010. Effect of afforestation with broad leaved and conifer species on herbaceous diversity and some physico-chemical properties of soil (Case study: Dushan afforestation - Sanandaj). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 18(3): 437-446 (In Persian).
- Soofizadeh, N., Hoseini, S.M. and Tabari, M. 2009. Effect of sowing date, irrigation and weed control on biomass, ratio of shoot/root length and vitality rate of seedling Cupressus arizonica in nursery. Iranian Journal of Forest, 1(2): 163-173 (In Persian).
- Tabari, M. and Pourmajidian, M.R. 2001. Influence of thinning on Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica Menetti) in the north of Iran. International meeting on silviculture of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) and cedar (Cedrus atlantica Endl.) Rabat, Morocco, pp: 19-24.
- Tabari, M., Poormajidian, M.R. and Alizadeh A.R. 2004a. Effect of soil, irrigation and weeding on production of cypress (cupressus sempervirens L.) seeding in Shahrposht nursery, Nowshahr. Pajouhesh & Sazandegi, 70: 65-69 (In Persian).
- Tabari, M., Saeidi, H.R. and Basiri, R. 2004b. Response of cypress (Cupressus sempervirens var. horizontalis) seedlings to soil type and planting depth in plain areas of Caspian sea. Proceedings of the Fourth International Iran & Russia Conference, pp: 1061-1066.
- Tabari, M., Yousefzadeh, H., Espahbodi, K. and Jalali, Gh.A. 2006. Influence of source variation on early growth and biomass of Acer velutinum Boiss. in north of Iran. Pajouhesh & Sazandegi, 73: 189-194 (In Persian).
- Tabari, M. and Ghelich-Khani, M.M. 2007. Effect of sowing depth and sowing date on seed germination of Quercus castaneifolia (C. A. Mey.). Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 60(2): 883-891 (In Persian).
- Temel, F., Gulcu, S., Olmez, Z. and Gokturk, A. 2011. Germination on Anatolian Black Pine (Pinus nigra subsp. Pallasiana) seeds from the Lakes Region of Turkey: Geographic variation and effect of storage. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 39(1): 267-274.
- Thompson, B.E. 1984. Establishing a vigorous nursery crop: bed preparation, seed sowing and early seed growth. Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Martines Nijhoff/Dr. W. Junk Publisher, pp: 41-49.
- Todaria, N.P. and Negi, A.K. 1995. Effect of elevation and temperature on seed germination of some Himalayan tree species. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 22(2): 178-182.
- Varelides, C., Brofas, G. and Varelides, Y. 2001. Provenance variation in Pinus nigra at three sites in Northern Greece. Annals of Forest Sciences, 58: 893-900.
- Winsa, H. 1995. Effects of seed properties and environment on seedling emergence and early establishment of Pinus silvestris L. after direct seeding. Doctoral dissertation. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Silviculture, Umea, 22p.
- Wulff, R.D., 1995, Environmental material effects on seed quality and germination. In: Kigel, J. and Galili, G. (Eds.), Seed Development and Germination. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York/Basel/Hong Kong: 491-505.
- Yosef-zade, H., Espahbodi, K., Tabari, M. and Jalali, Gh. 2007. Study of seed germination and production efficiency of maple seedlings (Acer velutinum Bioss.) collected from 11 sites in the Mazandaran forests. Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 40(11): 465-470 (In Persian).

            
Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research
Volume 22, Issue 3 - Serial Number 3
October 2014
Pages 423-433

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics