Investigation of port effects on vegetative and reproductive characteristics of grey mangrove (Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.) of Iran

Document Type : Research article

Authors

1 Ph.D. Student of Land Use Planning, Department of Environmental Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran

2 Prof., Department of Environmental Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran

3 Assistant Prof., Research Division of Natural Resources, Hormozgan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Bandarabbas, Iran

4 nullProf., Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran

5 Associate Prof., Department of Environmental Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran

Abstract

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of the port on vegetative and reproductive characteristics of grey mangrove (Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.) in two regions of Khamir and Khor-e-Azini. For this purpose, two sites adjacent to the port and control were selected in each region. For the study, two three-hectare stands were selected adjacent to the port and control sites and three 300-meter transects, 50meter apart from each other were selected using a random- systematic sampling method in each stand. Further, three plots (10×10 m2) were selected along the transects and measured the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of A. marina. For trees higher than one meter and the datawere compared using T-test statistical analysis. Results showed that, in the control site in Khour-e-Azini port, the vitality of trees, the number of aerial roots and seedlings were significantly higher than those adjacent to the port but no significant differences were observed in other vegetative characteristics of grey mangrove including height, crown length and crown area in the two sites. Further, in the control site in Khamir port, the vitality of trees and crown area were significantly higher than those adjacent to the port but no significant differences were observed in other vegetative characteristics of grey mangrove at the two control and adjacent to the port sites. Generally, results showed that, with distance from the port, control stands have had better vegetative and vitality. Therefore, it is recommended in order to decrease the negative effects of human structures on mangrove forests, in addition to this research, other comprehensive researches should be done to specify the location of human structures more sensitive according to basic data.

Keywords

References

- Abadeh, M., Mirakhorlo, Kh., Damizadeh, Gh.R. and Choopani, S., 2015. Investigation of some water and soil characteristics of Avicennia marina growing areas of Laft and Khamir in Hormozgan province. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 23(1): 79-89 (In Persian).
- Abohassan, R.A., 2013. Heavy metal pollution in Avicennia marina mangrove systems on the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Metrology, Environment and Arid Land Agricultural Sciences, 24(1): 35-53.‏
- Bell, S.S., Hall, M.O., Soffian, S. and Madley, K., 2002. Assessing the impact of boat propeller scars on fish and shrimp utilizing seagrass beds. Ecological Applications, 12(1): 206-217.‏
- Cheraghi, M., Safahieh, A., Dadolahi Sohrab, A., Ghanemi, K. and Doraghi, A., 2015. The survey of Avicennia marina as biomonitor for heavy metals in the Mahshahr estuary. Environmental Sciences, 13(1): 33-42 (In Persian).
- Cuc, N.T.K. and Ninomiya, I., 2007. Allometric relations for young Kandelia candel (L.) Blanco plantation in Northern Vietnam. Journal of Biological Sciences, 7(3): 539-543.‏
- Danehkar, A., Mahmoudi, B., Saeed Sabaee, M., Ghadirian, T., Asadollahi, Z., Sharifi, N. and Petrosian, H., 2012. National Documentation of Sustainable Management Program of Iran's Mangrove Forests. Dry Land Forestry Center, Forests, Range and Watershed Management Organization, Consulting Engineers of Sustainability of Nature and Resources, Tehran, 624p (In Persian).
- Davari, A., Danehkar, A., Khorasani, N. and Poorbagher, H., 2010. Heavy metal contamination of sediments in mangrove forests of the Persian Gulf. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 8(3/4 part 2): 1280-1284.
- Dayana, M.K., 2015. Land use controls with special reference to wetlands. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Law, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, India, 395p.‏
- Farnsworth, E.J. and Ellison, A.M., 1996. Sun‐shade adaptability of the red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle (Rhizophoraceae): Changes through ontogeny at several levels of biological organization. American Journal of Botany, 83(9): 1131-1143.‏
- Friess, D.A., Rogers, K., Lovelock, C.E., Krauss, K.W., Hamilton, S.E., Lee, S.Y., … and Shi, S., 2019. The State of the world's mangrove forests: Past, present, and future. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 44: 89-115.‏
- Gandhi, S. and Jones, T.G., 2019. Identifying mangrove deforestation hotspots in South Asia, Southeast Asia and Asia-Pacific. Remote Sensing, 11(6): 728.‏
- Hoff, R., 2002. Oil Spills in Mangroves: Planning & Response Considerations. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA Ocean Service, Office of Response and Restoration, Washington, D.C., 70p.‏
- Huang, W., Liu, C. and Xiong, H., 2012. Effects of waves by boats on mangrove in Dongzhai Harbor of Hainan. Advanced Materials Research, 518-523: 5217-5220.
- Jafarnia, Sh., Hojjati, S.M. and Kooch, Y., 2012. The effect of soil and water characteristics on the vegetative parameters of Hara trees in the Qeshm mangrove habitat, Hormozgan province. Environmental Sciences, 9(4): 133-148 (In Persian).
- Kairo, J.G., Bosire, J. and Omar, M., 2005. Assessment of the effects of oil spill on the mangrove forests of Port Reitz, Mombasa. Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Kenya, 12p.‏
- Levings, S.C., Garrity, S.D. and Burns, K.A., 1994. The Galeta oil spill. III. Chronic reoiling, long-term toxicity of hydrocarbon residues and effects on epibiota in the mangrove fringe. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 38(4): 365-395.‏
- MacFarlane, G. R., Pulkownik, A. and Burchett, M. D., 2003. Accumulation and distribution of heavy metals in the grey mangrove, Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh: biological indication potential. Environmental Pollution, 123(1): 139-151.‏
- Machado, W., Silva-Filho, E. V., Oliveira, R. R. and Lacerda, L. D., 2002. Trace metal retention in mangrove ecosystems in Guanabara Bay, SE Brazil. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44(11): 1277-1280.
- Mafi-Gholami, D., Mahmoudi, B. and Zenner, E.K., 2017. An analysis of the relationship between drought events and mangrove changes along the northern coasts of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 199: 141-151.
- Minchinton, T.E., Shuttleworth, H.T., Lathlean, J.A., McWilliam, R.A. and Daly, T.J., 2019. Impacts of cattle on the vegetation structure of mangroves. Wetlands, 39: 1119-1127.‏
- Moslehi, M. and Hassanzadeh Khankahdani, H., 2020. Investigation the effects of different methods of precipitation storage on soil moisture and growth characteristics of Acacia oerfota (Forssk) Schweinf seedlings: Case study of paired watershed of Dehgin, Hormozgan province. Desert Ecosystem Engineering Journal, 9(26): 61-72 (In Persian).‏
- Nagi, H.M. and Abubakr, M.M., 2013. Threats status to the mangrove ecosystem along the coastal zone of Yemen. Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Marine Sciences, 24(1): 101-117.‏
- Nazim, K., Ahmed, M., Shaukat, S. S., Khan, M. U., & Ali, Q. M., 2013. Age and growth rate estimation of grey mangrove Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh from Pakistan. Pakistan of Journal Botany, 45(2): 535-542.‏
- Paling, E.I., Humphreys, G. and McCardle, I., 2003. The effect of a harbour development on mangroves in northwestern Australia. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 11(5): 281-290.‏
- Petrosian, H., Danehkar, A., Ashrafi, S. and Feghhi, J., 2013. Study of effective climatology indices on attending Avicennia marina forest in coastline of Hormozgan province. Journal of Wetland Ecobiology, 5(3): 5-16 (In Persian).
- Ports & Maritime Organization of Iran (P.M.O.), 2018. Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Hormozgan Province: Coatal Classification Report. Ports & Maritime Organization of Iran, Tehran, 927p (In Persian).
- Primavera, J.H., 1998. Mangroves as nurseries: shrimp populations in mangrove and non-mangrove habitats. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 46(3): 457-464.‏
- Proffitt, C.E., Devlin, D.J. and Lindsey, M., 1995. Effects of oil on mangrove seedlings grown under different environmental conditions. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 30(12): 788-793.
- Rajkumar S, Y., Ketan, M., Salvi, H., & RD, K., 2017. Age and Growth relation of mangrove Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. in Gulf of Kachchh (GoK), India. Gulf of Kachchh (Gok), India. Applied Science Reports, 17(1).‏
- Richards, L. A., 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils, 78(2), 154 p.‏
- Shi, C., Ding, H., Zan, Q. and Li, R., 2019. Spatial variation and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in mangrove sediments across China. Marine pollution bulletin, 143: 115-124.‏
- Sundaray, S.K., Nayak, B.B., Lin, S. and Bhatta, D., 2011. Geochemical speciation and risk assessment of heavy metals in the river estuarine sediments—a case study: Mahanadi basin, India. Journal of hazardous materials, 186(2-3): 1837-1846.‏
- Walkley, A. and Black, I. A., 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil science, 37(1): 29-38.‏
- Yaghoubzadeh, M., Salman Mahiny, A., Mikaeili Tabrizi, A. and Danehkar, A., 2020. Mangrove forests and threats facing them (Emphasizing the effects of climate change and the response of mangroves to these changes). Iranian Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 23(92): 46-62 (In Persian).
- Zahedi Dehuii, L., Qishlaqi, A. and Mortazawi, M.S., 2019. Evaluating the contamination level of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) and heavy metals in coastal sediments of Tiab Mangroves (Hormozgan Province). Journal of Stratigraphy and Sedimentology Researches University of Isfahan, 35(1): 73-90 (In Persian).
- Zarezadeh, R. and Rezaee, P., 2016. Study on accumulation of heavy metals in mangrove sediments, Gabrik Creek (Jask). Journal of Natural Environment, 69(1): 61-78 (In Persian).
Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research
Volume 28, Issue 3 - Serial Number 81
January 2021
Pages 244-256

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics