Preliminary results of survey on stand structure in permanent research plots of Hyrcanian intact beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests

Document Type : Research article

Authors

1 Prof., Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran

2 Assistant Prof., Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran

3 Research Expert, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran

4 Assistant Prof., Research Division of Natural Resources, Gilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Rasht, Iran

5 Research Expert, Research Division of Natural Resources, Gilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Rasht, Iran

6 Assistant Prof., Research Division of Natural Resources, Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Sari, Iran

7 Senior Research Expert, Research Division of Natural Resources, Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Gorgan, Iran

8 Research Expert, Research Division of Natural Resources, Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Gorgan, Iran

9 Research Expert, Research Division of Natural Resources, Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Gorgan, Iran.

10 Senior Forest Expert, Forest Management Technical Bureau, Forests, Range and Watershed Management Organization, Chalus, Iran

11 Senior Forest Expert, General Office of Natural Resources and Watershed, Mazandaran Province (Sari), Forests, Range and Watershed Management Organization, Iran

12 Senior Forest Expert, Afforestation, Forest Parks and Reserves Bureau, Forests, Range and Watershed Management Organization, Chalus, Iran

13 Forest Expert, General Office of Natural Resources and Watershed, Goelstan Province, Forests, Range and Watershed Management Organization, Gorgan, Iran

14 Forest Expert, General Office of Natural Resources and Watershed, Mazandaran Province, Forests, Range and Watershed Management Organization, Sari, Iran

15 Forest Expert, General Office of Natural Resources and Watershed, Mazandaran Province, Forests, Range and Watershed Management Organization, Noshahr, Iran

16 Forest Expert, General Office of Natural Resources and Watershed, Gilan Province, Forests, Range and Watershed Management Organization, Rasht, Iran

Abstract

Having knowledge on stand structure and application of appropriate silvicultural interventions based on ecosystem approach and close to nature forest management is essential for sustainability of forest. This research started from 2009 in intact oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands in four regions of the Hyrcanian forests. Twelve sample plots, each one ha, have been established in three development stages of initial, optimal and decay and 100% survey has been applied within the plots. A transect of 1000 m2 has been laid out on the middle of the plot and diameter at breast height, tree height and coordination have been registered. Vertical and horizontal structure and the stand structure have been illustrated by SVS software and structure triangle. Results indicated that stem number varied between 188 in the decay and 475 ha-1 in the initial stages. Number of deadwood varied between 7 and 30 ha-1, among them 3 mature deadwoods with diameter more than 60cm. Mean basal area, total volume and deadwood volume was calculated to 40.65 m2ha-1, 592.6 and 55.8 m3ha-1, respectively. The stands in the optimal stage showed two layers while the other stages were three storied stands. The high proportion of volume in large and extra-large timbers indicated that the studied intact stands were old growth and the structure was far from the theoretical irregular structure. Hence, different silivicultural interventions could be introduced in different development stages.

Keywords


- Amanzadeh, B., Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., Sotoudeh Foumani, B., Fadaie, F., Camarero, J.J. and Linares, J.C., 2013. Spatial distribution and volume of dead wood in unmanaged Caspian beech (Fagus orientalis) forests from northern Iran. Forests, 4(4): 751-765.
- Amiri, M., Rahamani, R., Sagheb Talebi, Kh. and Habashi, H., 2015. Structural characteristics of dead wood in a natural untouched of Fagus orientalis Lipsky mixed stand forest (Case Study: Shastklateh Forest, Gorgan, Iran). Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology, 22(1): 185-205 (In Persian).
- Anonymous, 1998a. Forest Management Plan: District 1, Langa, Water Catchment No. 36 (Kazemrood). Nowshahr Natural Resources and Watershed Management Office, Forests, Range and Watershed Management Organization, Nowshahr, 450p (In Persian).
- Anonymous, 1998b. Forest Management Plan: District 4, Haftkhal. Sari Natural Resources and Watershed Management Office, Forests, Range and Watershed Management Organization, Sari, 98p (In Persian).
- Anonymous, 1999. Forest Management Plan: District 2, Shastkola. Gorgan Natural Resources and Watershed Management Office, Forests, Range and Watershed Management Organization, Gorgan, 343p (In Persian).
- Anonymous, 2000. Typologie des peuplements feuillus irréguliers de Franche-Comté. Regional Council of Franche-Comté, SFFC, France, 32p (In French).
- Anonymous, 2006. Forest Management Plan: District 9, Shafarood. Rasht Natural Resources and Watershed Management Office, Forests, Range and Watershed Management Organization, Rasht, 289p (In Persian).
- Anonymous, 2009. Manual of Stand Visualization System. USDA Forest Service, Washington, D.C., 45p.
- Brändli, U.B. and Dowhanytsch, J., 2003. Urwälder im Zentrum Europas: Ein Naturführer durch das Karpaten-Biosphärenreservat in der Ukraine. WSL, Haupt Verlag, Bern, 192p (In German).
- Drössler, L. and Lüpke, B.V., 2005. Canopy gaps in virgin beech forests in Havešová Reserve. In: Commarmot, B. and Hamor, F.D. (Eds.), 2005. Proceedings of International Conference on Natural Forests in the Temperate Zone of Europe - Values and Utilization. Mukachevo, Ukraine, 13-17 Oct. 2003: 93-99.
- Emborg, J., Christensen, M. and Heilman-Clausen, J., 2000. The structural dynamics of Suserop Skov, a near-natural temperate decidous forest in Denmark. Forest Ecology and Management, 126(2): 173-189.
- Etemad, V., Moridi, M., Delfan Azary, M. and Kakavand, M., 2017. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of deadwoods in mixed beech-hornbeam stands in the optimal stage (Case study: Kheyrood forest, Nowshahr). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 25(3): 386-397 (In Persian).
- Fallah, A., 2000. Investigation on structure of natural beech stands in Mazandaran and Golestan provinces. Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, 202p (In Persian).
- Javanmiri Pour, M., Marvie Mohadjer, M.R., Zobeiri, M., Etemad, V. and Jourgholami, M., 2018. Determining the structural diversity of mixed oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.) stands in Gorazbon district, Kheyrud forest. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 26(2): 143-155 (In Persian).
- Kakavand, M., Marvie Mohadjer, M.R., Sagheb-Talebi, Kh. and Sefidi, K., 2014. Structural diversity of mixed beech stands in the middle stage of succession (Case study: Gorazbon District, Kheiroud Forest of Nowshahr). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 22(3): 411-422 (In Persian).
- Kakavand, M., Marvi-Mohadjer, M.R., Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., Sefidi, K., Moridi, M. and Abbasian, P., 2017. Quantity and quality of deadwood in the mid-successional stage in oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands (Case study: Kheyrood forest, Nowshahr). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 24(4): 612-622 (In Persian).
- Korpel', Š., 1995. Die Urwälder der Westkarpaten. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 310p (In German).
- Leibundgut, H., 1993. Europäische Urwälder: Wegweiser zur naturnahen Waldwirtschaft. Haupt Verlag, Bern, 260p (In German).
- Marvie Mohadjer, M.R., 2019. Silviculture. University of Tehran Press, Tehran, 418p (In Persian).
- Mataji, A. and Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., 2007. Development stages and dynamic of two oriental beech (Fagus orientalis) communities at natural forests of Kheiroudkenar-Noshahr. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 15(4): 398-416 (In Persian).
- Molina Valero, J.A., Allikmäe, E., Álvarez González, J.G. and Pérez Cruzado, C., 2018. Analysis of spatial forest structure in natural mountainous beech forest of the Cantabrian Range. Abstracts of the 11th IUFRO International Beech Symposium on Ecology and Silviculture of Beech. Viterbo, Italy, 18-21 Sep. 2018: 52-52.
- Moridi, M., Etemad, V., Kakavand, M., Sagheb-Talebi, Kh. and Alibabaee Omran, E., 2016. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of deadwood in the different development stages in mixed oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands (Case study: Gorazbon district, Kheiroud forest of Nowshahr). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 23(4): 647-659 (In Persian).
- Parhizkar, P., Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., Mattaji, A., Namiranian, M., Hasani, M. and Mortazavi, M., 2011. Tree and regeneration conditions within development stages in Kelardasht beech forest (Case study: reserve area-Langa). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 19(1): 141-153 (In Persian).
- Rahanjam, S., Marvie Mohadjer, M.R., Zobeiri, M. and Sefidi, K., 2018. Quantitative and qualitative assessment of deadwood in natural stands of Hyrcanian forests (Case study: Gorazbon district of Kheyrud, Nowshahr). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 25(4): 656-666 (In Persian).
- Sagheb-Talebi, Kh. and Schütz, J.Ph., 2002. The structure of natural oriental beech (Fagus orientalis) in the Caspian region of Iran and potential for the application of the group selection system. Forestry, 75(4): 465-472.
- Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., 2010. Appropriate characteristics of beech stands for application of close to nature silviculture (selection system). Annual Report of Research Project, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, 11p (In Persian).
- Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., 2013. Appropriate characteristics of beech stands for application of close to nature silviculture (selection system). Annual Report of Research Project, Published by Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, 120p (In Persian).
- Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., 2017. Close to nature silviculture; Visions and goals. Journal of Iran Nature, 2(1): 6-9 (In Persian).
- Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., Jashni, J., Mohammadnejad Kiasari, Sh., Mohammadi Nasrabadi, H. and Paydar, M., 2012. Light regime in natural and planted stands of the Caspian Forests. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 20(1): 165-181 (In Persian).
- Sefidi, K., Marvie Mohadjer, M.R., Etemad, V. and Mosandl, R., 2014. Late successional stage dynamics in natural oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands in northern Iran (Case study: Gorazbon district of Kheiroud-Kenar experimental forest). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 22(2): 270-283 (In Persian).
- Sefidi, K., Marvie Mohadjer, M.R., Mosandl, R. and Copenheaver, C.A., 2013. Coarse and fine woody debris in mature oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests of northern Iran. Natural Areas Journal, 33(3): 248-255.