Chemical properties of throughfall and forest floor leaching in Fagus orientalis trees within growing and non-growing periods

Document Type : Scientific article

Authors

1 Ph.D. Student of Silviculture and Forest Fcology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran

2 Assistant Prof., Department of Forest Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran

3 Prof., Department of Soil Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Iran

4 Associate Prof., Department of Forest Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources. Iran

5 Ph.D. Student of Forestry, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran

Abstract

Changes in chemical properties of throughfall and forest floor leaching in growing (leafed) and non-growing (leafless) periods essentially influence the biogeochemical cycle of forest ecosystems, especially in the broadleaved stands. The aim of this study was to compare the chemical composition. i.e. Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium and Potassium contents of throughfall as well as forest floor leaching in oriental beech trees in the Shastkolateh experimental forest of Golestan province. Throughfall and forest floor samples were taken after each rain within one year (21.08.2008 to 21.12.2009). To investigate leached nutrition of throughfall and forest floor in growing and non-growing periods, we used t-paired at the 95% confidence level. Results showed that Sodium and Potassium leaching in throughfall in the non-growing period (24.3 and 60 kg ha-1, respectively) were significantly higher than those of the growing period (52 and 18.7 kg ha-1, respectively). Furthermore, Sodium, Potassium and Calcium fluxes via forest floor in the  non-growing period were 12.6, 42.3 and 8.2 kg ha-1, which showed significantly higher rates than those measured during the growing period (8.6, 23.5 and 6 kg ha-1, respectively). This study concludes that factors e.g. bark, decomposed leaves, and dry deposition play remarkable roles in the cations leaching process in forest floor within the eastern Hyrcanian forests during the non-growing period.

Keywords

References

- Abrahamsen, G. and Miller, H.G., 1984. Effects of acidic deposition on forest soil and vegetation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 305(1124): 369-382.
- Adedeji, O.H. and Gbadegesin, A.S., 2012. Base cation leaching from the canopy of a Rubber (HeveaBrasiliensis Wild. Muell-Arg) plantation at Ikenne, South West Nigeria. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management, 5(4): 384-390.
- Adriaenssens, S., Hansen. K., Staelens, J., Wuyts, K., De Schrijver, A., Baeten, L., Boeckx, P., Samson, R. and Verheyen, K., 2012. Throughfall deposition and canopy exchange processes along a vertical gradient within the canopy of beech (Fagus sylvitica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst). Science of the Total Environment,420: 168-182.
- Andre, F., Jonard, M. and Ponette, Q., 2008. Spatial and temporal patterns of throughfall chemistry within a temperate mixed oak-beech stand. Science of the Total Environment.397(1-3): 215-228.
- Anonymous, 2006. World reference base for soil resources. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 103p.
- Anonymous, 2007. Revised Forestry Plan. Faculty of Forestry, Gorgan University of Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources, 481p
- Asgari, H.R., 2012. The importance of soil organic matter (translation). Gorgan University of Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources, 237p.
- Beckett, K.p., Freer Smith, P.H. and Taylor, G., 2000. Particulate pollution capture by urban trees: effect of species and wind speed. Global Change Biology, 6(8): 995-1003.
- Berger, T.W. and Glatzel, G., 1998. Canopy leaching, dry deposition and cycling of calcium in Austrian oak stands as a function of calcium availability and distance from a lime quarry. Canadian Journal of Forest Research,28(9): 1388-1397.
- Brady, N.C. and Weil, R.R., 2002. The nature and properties of soils. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 960p.
- Daneshvar, A., Rahmani, R. and Habashi, H., 2007. Effect of light competition crown expansion of trees in a mixed multi storied forests. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, 14(1): 39-48 (In Persian).
- Dewis, J. and Freitas, F., 1970. Physical and chemical methods of soil and water analysis. FAO Soil Bulletin, No (10), Roma, 286p.
- Fattahi, M., 1993. New ideas for classification of zagros forests. Journal of Forests and Rangeland, 23: 10-15 (In Persian).
- Freer-Smith, P.H., El-Khatib, A.A. and Taylor, G., 2004. Capture of particulate pollution by trees: a comparison of species typical of semi-arid areas (Ficus nitida and Eucalyptus globulus) with European and North American species. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution,155(1-4): 173-187.
- Gong, S.L., Barrie, L.A., Prospero, J.M., Savoie, D.L., Ayers, G.P. and Blanchet J.P., 1997. Modelling seasalt aerosols in the atmosphere: 2. Atmospheric concentrations and fluxes. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmosphere,102(D3): 3819-3830.
- Hermann, M., Pust, J. and Pott, R., 2006. The chemical composition of throughfall beneath oak, birch and pine canopies in Northwest Germany. Plant Ecology, 184(2): 373-385.
- Hongove, D., Van Hees, P.A.W. and Lundstrom, U.S., 2000. Dissolved components in precipitation water percolated through forest litter. European Journal of Soil Science,51(4): 667-677.
- Inamdar, S.P., Singh. S., Dutta, S., Levia, D.F., Mitchell, M.J. and Scott, D., 2011. Flourescence characteristics and sources of dissolved organic matter for stream water during storm events in a forested mid-Atlantic watershed. Iranian Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeoscince.116(G3): 1-23 (In Persian).
- Levia, D.F. and Frost, E.E., 2003. A review and evaluation of stemflow literature in the hydrologic and biogeochemical cycles of forested and agricultural ecosystems. Journal of Hydrology, 274(1-4): 1-29.
- Levia, D.F. and Frost, E.E., 2006. Variability of throughfall volume and solute inputs in wooded ecosystems. Progress in Physical Geography, 30(5): 605-632.
- Levia, D.F., Keim, R.F., Carlyle-Moses, D.E. and Frost, E.E., 2011. Throughfall and stemflow in wooded ecosystems. In: Levia, D.F. Carlyle-Moses, D., Tanaka, T., (Eds.). Forest hydrology and biogeochemistry: synthesis of past research and future directions. Springer, 740p.
- Liorens, P. and Domingo, F., 2007. Rainfall partitioning by vegetation under Mediterranean rainfall: Examples from a young and an old-growth Douglas-fir forest. Agriculture and Forest Meteorology,130(1-2): 113-129.
- Magee, A.P., 1993. Detrital accumulation and processing in wetlands. Water Management HandBook, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 7p. 
- Mc Phearson, E.G., Simpson, J.R., Peper, P.J., Maco, S.E., Gardner,  J.Sh., Cozad, K.Sh. and Xiao, Q., 2006. Midwest community tree guide: Benefits, costs, and strategic planting. USDA, California, 85p. 
- Moslehi, M., 2010. The effect of beech species on base cation dynamics in mixed hyrcanian beech forest, Shastkolate. M Sc. thesis, Gorgan University of Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources, 75p (In Persian).
- Moslehi, M., Habashi, H. and Khormali, F., 2011. Effect of throughfall and forestfloor leachate of beech on base cation dynamics in mixed stand. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research,19(1): 83-93 (In Persian).
- Ohte, N. and Tokuchi, N., 2011. Hydrology and biogeochemistry of temperate forests. In: Levia, D.F., Carlyle-Moses, D. and Tanaka, T., (Eds.). Forest hydrology and biogeochemistry: synthesis of past research and future directions. Springer, 740p.
- Pypker, T.G., Levia, D.F., Staelens, J. and Van Stan, J.T., 2011. Canopy structure in relation to hydrological and biogeochemical fluxes. In: Levia, D.F., Carlyle-Moses, D. and Tanaka, T., (Eds.). Forest hydrology and biogeochemistry: synthesis of past research and future directions. Springer, 740p.
- Parker, G.G., 1983. Throughfall and stemflow in the forest nutrient cycle. Advance in Ecological Research,13: 57-133.
- Rodrigo, A. and Avila, A., 2002. Dry deposition to the forest canopy and surrogate surfaces in two Mediterranean holm oak forests in Montseny (NE Spain). Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 136(1-4): 269-288.
- Shen, W., Ren, H., Jenerette, G.D., Hui, D. and Ren, H., 2013. Atmospheric deposition and canopy exchange of anions and cations in two plantation forests under acid rain influence. Atmospheric Environment, 64: 245-250.
- Staelens, J., Schrijver, A.D. and Verheyen, K., 2007. Seasonal variation in throughfall and stemflow chemistry beneath a European beech (Fagus sylvatica) tree in relation to canopy phenology. Canadian Journal of Forest Research,37(8): 1359-1372.
- Staelens, J., Houle, D., De Schrijver, A., Neirynck, J. and Verheyen, K., 2008 a. Calculating dry deposition and canopy exchange with the canopy budget model: Reveiew of assumption and application to two deciduous forests. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 191(1-4): 149-169.
- Staelens, J., De Schrijver A., Verheyen K. and Verhoest N.E.C., 2008 b. Rainfall partitioning into throughfall, stemflow, and interception within a single beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) canopy: influence of foliation, rain event characteristics, and meteorology. Hydrological Processes,22(1): 33-45.
- Smith, J.L. and Doran, J.W., 1996. Measurement and use of pH and electrical conductivity for soil quality analysis. In: Doran, J.W. and Jones, A.J., (Eds.). Metods for assessing soil quality, SSSA Species Publication. 49. Madison, WI, 410p.
- Swank, W.T. and Henderson, G.S., 1976. Atmospheric input of some cations and anions to forest ecosystems in North Carolina and Tennessee. Water Resources Research,12(3):541-546.
- Swift, M.J. and Anderson, J.M., 1989. Decomposition. In: Lieth, H. and Werger M.J.A., (Eds.). Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems- Biogeographical and Ecological Studies, Ecosystems of the World 14B. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 714p.
- Tavana, A., Mataji, A., Babai Kafaki, S. and Saeb, K., 2010. Study and determination of tree types in the altitude profile of Caspian forest (case study of Golband region). Iranian Journal of Sciences and Techniques in Natural Resources, 5(2): 1-11 (In Persian).
- Tukey, H.B.Jr., 1966. The leaching of metabolites from above-ground plant parts and its implications. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club,93(6): 385-401.
- Tukey, H.B.Jr., 1970. The leaching of substance from plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 21(1): 305-324.
- Van Nevel, L., Mertens, J., De Schrijver, A., Baeten, L., De Neve, S., Tack, F., Merrs, E. and Verheyen, K., 2013. Forest floor leachate fluxes under six different tree species on a metal contaminated site. Science of the Total Environment, 447: 99-107.
- Van Stan, J.T., Levia, Jr.D., Inamdar, S.P., Lepori-Bui, M. and Mitchell, M.J., 2012. The effects of phenoseason and storm characteristics on throughfall solute washoff and leaching dynamics from a temperate deciduous forest canopy. Science of the Total Environment, 430: 48-58.
- Zeng, G.M., Zhang, G., Huang, G.H., Jiang, Y.M. and Liu, H.L., 2005. Exchange of Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ and Uptake of H+, NH4, for the subtropical forest canopies influenced by acid rain in Shaoshan. Plant Science,168(1): 259-266.
- Zhang, G., Zeng, G., Jiang, Y., Yan Du, C., Huang, G., Yao, J., Zeng, M., Zahng, X. and Tan, W., 2006. Seasonal dry deposition and canopy leaching of base cations in a sub-tropical evergreen mixed forest, China. Salvia Fennica,40(3): 417-428.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics