اثر اندازه و موقعیت‌های داخلی روشنه تاج بر رشد و زنده‌مانی نهال‌های بلندمازو (Quercus castaneifolia)، شیردار (Acer cappadocicum) و توسکای ییلاقی (Alnus subcordata)

نوع مقاله : علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناس ارشد جنگلشناسی و اکولوژی جنگل، دانشکده علوم جنگل، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

2 استادیار،‌ دانشکده علوم جنگل، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

3 استادیار پژوهش، مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران،‌ ایران

4 دانشجوی دکتری جنگل‌داری، دانشکده علوم جنگل، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

چکیده

در این پژوهش با هدف بررسی تأثیر اندازه و موقعیت روشنه بر زنده‌مانی نهال‌ها، شش روشنه با اندازه­‌های متوسط (200 تا500 متر مربع) و بزرگ (بزرگتر از 500 متر مربع) در جنگل شصت‌کلاته گرگان انتخاب شدند. پس از مشخص کردن پنج قطعه‌نمونه 36 مترمربعی (6×6 متر) در جهت­‌های مرکز، شمال، جنوب، شرق و غرب روشنه­‌ها، 12 نهال یک‌ساله از هریک از گونه­‌های بلندمازو (Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey.)، شیردار (Acer cappadocicum Gled.) و توسکای ییلاقی (Alnus subcordata C. A. Mey.) با فاصله‌های 1×1 متر در آن‌ها کاشته شدند. رشد ارتفاعی و سطح فتوسنتزی نهال‌های کاشته‌شده در طول دوره رویش و زنده‌مانی نهال‌ها در انتهای دوره، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. داده­‌ها با استفاده از روش تجزیه طرح کرت‌های دوبار خردشده و آزمون SNK تجزیه ‌و تحلیل شدند. نتایج نشان داد که با افزایش اندازه روشنه، درصد زنده­‌مانی نهال­‌های هر سه گونه به‌طور معنی‌­داری کاهش یافت. هم در روشنه بزرگ و هم در روشنه­‌های متوسط، نهال­‌های بلندمازو از بیشترین زنده‌­مانی برخوردار بودند و در روشنه‌های بزرگ نهال­‌های شیردار در مقایسه با سایر گونه­‌های کاشته‌شده از درصد زنده­‌مانی کمتری برخوردار بودند. بیشترین رشد ارتفاعی نهال­‌ها مربوط به موقعیت­‌های مرکزی بود و به‌­ترتیب در موقعیت­‌های شمال، غرب، جنوب و شرق درون روشنه­‌ها، رشد ارتفاعی کاهش یافت. با افزایش اندازه روشنه، توسکای ییلاقی و بلندمازو از رشد ارتفاعی و سطح فتوستزی بیشتری برخوردار شدند، اما شیردار در روشنه‌های متوسط عملکرد بهتری داشت. بنابراین، پیشنهاد می‌‌شود برای جنگل­کاری­ درون روشنه­‌های بزرگ و یا موقعیت مرکزی روشنه­‌های متوسط از توسکای ییلاقی و بلندمازو و برای جنگل­کاری در روشنه‌های متوسط و یا حاشیه­ روشنه­‌های بزرگ از شیردار استفاده شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of gap size and position within gaps on growth characters and survival of chestnut-leaved oak (Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey.), Cappadocian maple (Acer cappadocicum Gled.) and Caucasian alder (Alnus subcordata C. A. Mey.)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ahmad Abdolahi 1
  • Ali Raza Ali Arab 2
  • Pejman Parhizkar 3
  • Ali Akbar Mohammad Ali Pourmalekshah 4
1 M.Sc. Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
2 Assistant Prof., Faculty of Forest Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
3 Assistant Prof., Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
4 Ph.D. Student Forestry, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
چکیده [English]

In this study,six canopy gaps with medium (200-500 m2) and large (> 500m2) sizes were selected in Shastkolate forest. In each gap, micro sample plots (6×6 m) were established at the center and north, east, south and west directions of each gap. Within each micro plot, 12 seedlings of chestnut-leaved oak (Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey.), Cappadocian maple (Acer cappadocicum Gled.) and Caucasian alder (Alnus subcordata C. A. Mey.) were planted in spacing of 1×1 m. Height growth and photosynthetic rate of seedlings were studied during the growth season, while the survival rate was calculated in the end of season. Data were analyzed using spilt split plot plan and SNK test. Results showed that survival rate of seedlings of all three species decreased with increasing gap size. Oak seedlings showed the highest survival rate in both large and medium sized gaps. The maple seedlings showed the lowest survival rate in the large gaps. The maximum height growth of seedlings was measured in the center of gaps; this was decreased in north, west, south and east edges of the gaps, respectively. The larger the gap size the higher was the height growth of alder and oak and seedlings, while that of maple was higher in the medium gaps. Therefore one can conclude that planting of oak and alder seedlings in the center of large gaps could bring more promising results, while planting of maple in the center of medium and edges of large gaps would be more effective.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Height growth
  • photosynthetic rate
  • planting
  • Shastkolate forest
  • spatial location

مراجع

- Abdollahi, A., 2014. Effect of canopy size, position within gap and relative light intensity on growth and survival of Quercus castaneifolia, Acer cappadocicum and Alnus subcordata seedlings in the first year of planting in Gorgan shastkalate forest. M.Sc. thesis, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, 90p (In Persian).
- Aliarab, A.R., 2010. Factors affecting germination, growth and establishment of direct seeded Quercus castaneifolia seedlings in northeast of Iran- Loveh forest. Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, 114p (In Persian).
- Almquist, B.E., Jack, S.B. and Messina, M.G., 2002. Variation of the tree fall gap regime in a bottomland hardwood forest: relationships with micro topography. Forest Ecology and Management, 157: 155-163.
- Amanzadeh, B., Pourmajidian, M.R., Sagheb Talebi, Kh. and Hojati, S.M., 2015. Effect of different natural canopy gap size plant diversity and composition in mixed stands of Asalem. Journal of Forest and Wood Product, 68(2): 287-301 (In Persian).
- Anonymous, 2008. Forest management plan of Dr. Bahramnia (District no. 1). Published by Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, 447p (In Persian).
- Bradshaw, J.D., Rice, M.E. and Hill, J.H., 2007. Digital analysis of leaf surface area: effects of shape, resolution, and size. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 80(4): 339-347.
- Brian, J., Paul, E. and Colin, G.N., 1999. Plant in Action. Australian Society of Plant Scientists Press, Australia, 500p.
- Canham, C.D., Denslow, J.S., Platt, W.J., Runkle, J.R., Spies, T.A. and White, P.S., 1990. Light regimes beneath closed canopies and tree-fall gaps in temperate and tropical forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 20(5): 620-631.
- Diaci, J. and Thormann, J.J., 2002. A comparison of solar radi­ation estimation methods in natural beech forests in Slovenia from the point of view of ecological regeneration. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen, 153: 39-50.
- Gray, A.N. and Spies, T.A., 1997. Microsite controls on tree seedling establishment in conifer forest canopy gaps. Ecology, 78(8): 2458-2473.
- Kern, C.C., Reich, P.B., Montgomery, R.A. and Strong, T.F., 2012. Do deer and shrubs override canopy gap size effects on growth and survival of yellow birch, northern red oak, eastern white pine, and eastern hemlock seedlings? Forest Ecology and Management, 267: 134-143.
- Mohebi, A., 2012. Effect of plantation method, gap size and relative light intensity on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of oak (Quercus castaneifolia) seedlings in Vaz forest, Chamestan. M.Sc. thesis, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, 88p (In Persian).  
- Mountford, E.P., Savill, P.S. and Beber, D.P., 2006. Patterns of regenerations and ground vegetation associated with canopy gaps in a managed beech wood in southern England. Forestry, 79: 389-408.
- Mousavi, R., Sagheb Talebi, Kh., Tabari, M. and Pourmajidian, M., 2003. Determination of gap size for improvement of beech (Fagus orientalis) natural regeneration. Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 56(1, 2): 39-46 (In Persian).
- Naghash Zargaran, M., 2001. Investigation on leaf biomass and LAI and its relation with some of stand and soil properties in a permanent district of Caspian forests middle elevations. M.Sc. thesis, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, 79p (In Persian).
- Nasiri, N., Marvie Mohajer, M.R., Etemed, V. and Sefidi, K., 2015. Natural regeneration of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) within canopy gaps and under canopy cover (case study: Gorazbon, Kheyroud forest, Nowshahr). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 23(1): 13-24 (In Persian).
- Parhizkar, P., Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., Mataji, A., Namiranian, M., 2011a. Influence of gap size and development stages on the silvicultural characteristics of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) regeneration. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences (CJES), 9(1): 55-65.
- Parhizkar, P., Sagheb Talebi, Kh., Mataji, A., Nyland, R. and Namiranian, M., 2011b. Silvicultural characteristics of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) regeneration under different RLI and positions within gaps. Forestry, 84(2): 177-185 (In Persian).
- Pourbabai, H., Shadram, S. and Khorasani, M., 2004. Comparison of biodiversity between Alnus subcordata and mixed Fraxinus excelsior plantation in Tenian region, Somesara, Gilan. Iranian Journal of Biology, 17: 357-368 (In Persian).
- Ramezani Kakroudi, A., 1999. Study of Cappadocian maple (Acer cappadocicum) ecological characteristics in forests of west Mazandaran. M.Sc. thesis, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, 169p (In Persian).
- Sadati, S.E. and Mostafanejad, S.R., 2008. Quantitative and qualitative investigation on plantations Lime tree (Tilia platiphyllos) and Cappadocian maple (Acer cappadocicum) in Chamestan region, northern Iran. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 16(3): 408-418 (In Persian).
- Sagheb Talebi, Kh., Hemmati, A., Khanjanishiraz, B., Siahipour, Z. and Akbarzadeh, A., 2008. Architectural model and impact of root pruning on diameter and height growth of oak (Quercus castaneifolia) seedlings (Pilambara, Gilan). Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 61(4): 867-876 (In Persian).
- Sagheb Talebi, Kh., Jashni, J., Mohammadnejad Kiasari, Sh., Mohammadi Nasrabadi, H. and Paydar, M., 2012. Light regime in natural and planted stands of the Caspian forests. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 20(1): 165-181 (In Persian).
- Sariyildiz, T., 2008. Effects of gap-size classes on long-term litter decomposition rates of beech, oak and chestnut species at high elevations in northeast Turkey. Ecosystems, 11: 841-853.
- Schütz, J.P., 2004 Opportunistic methods of controlling vegeta­tion, inspired by natural plant succession dynamics with special reference to natural outmixing tendencies in gap regeneration. Annals of Forest Science, 61: 149-156.
- Shabani, S., Akbarnia, M., Jalali, Gh. and Aliarab, A., 2011. Impact of canopy gap size on woody species biodiversity in mountainous forest of northern Iran (Case study: Beech stands of Lalis, Chalous). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 19(1): 73-82 (In Persian).
- Shahini, Y., Sagheb Talebi, Kh., Heidari, H.O., Parhizkar, P. and Azadfar, D., 2014. Impact of light and position within gap on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of oak (Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey.) seedlings in Loveh, Gorgan. Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology, 21(1): 45-64 (In Persian).
- Sheykholeslami, A., Mataji, M.A. and Kialashaki, A., 2011. Comparison of regeneration in the natural gaps and single selection method gaps (Case study: Jamand district, Nowshahr). Natural Ecosystems of Iran, 2(1): 21-30 (In Persian).
- Tabari, M., Fayaz, P., Espahbodi, K., Staelens, J. and Nachtergale, L., 2005. Response of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) seedlings to canopy gap size. Forestry, (78): 443-450.
- Yahner, R.H., 2000. Eastern Deciduous Forest: Ecology and Wildlife Conservation. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 295p.
- Yousefzadeh, H., Tabari, M., Espahbodi, K. and Jalali, Gh., 2008. Relationship between Acer velutinum seedlings and leaves characteristics. Journal of Agricultural and Natural Resources Science and Technology, 12(44): 291-298 (In Persian).

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار