مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشورتحقیقات جنگل و صنوبر ایران1735-088312220040621Contentsشناسنامه1711945210.22092/ijfpr.2004.119452FAJournal Article20190723https://ijfpr.areeo.ac.ir/article_119452_dadf4626d7a4846e6651293256c81a43.pdfمؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشورتحقیقات جنگل و صنوبر ایران1735-088312220040621A study on morphological, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of oriental beech stands from gene conservation point of viewبررسی ویژگیهای مورفولوژیکی و کمی و کیفی تودههای راش ایران از دیدگاه حفاظت ژن184147109291FAپروین صالحی شانجانیاعضاء هیأت علمی مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتعخسرو ثاقب طالبیاعضاء هأت علمی مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتعJournal Article20170227Beech is one of the most abundant economically important species in northern Iran. Stand structure identification, combined with silvicultural characteristics, including of ad-mixture, age classes, vertical and horizontal structure, crown cover, absence or presence of gaps and regeneration or under storey could help in optimal management.
Morphological qualitative and quantitative characteristics as well as genetic variation of beech were investigated in 14 sample plots, each covering 0.5 ha; originating from the major part of distribution range of this species in Hyrcanian zone. In this research also the role of human manipulation and selected management methods for management of beech forests on these characteristics were studied.
Considerable genetic diversity of beech forests (expected heterozygosity = 0.191) represents large adaptive potential of this species. Due to positive correlation between genetic diversity and rate of undesirable trees, selection and conservation of desirable trees in shelterwood system must be considered with precautious. Because the selection for conservation of some genotypes is one of the most important processes in forest management practices, it changes the genetic variation of trees. During this process frequency of some genes and following that genetic variability and future adaptability, would be strongly reduced. An appropriate silvicultural system should reflect a sense of conservation, or a determined effort to provide future yields of goods and other values, even while harvesting or using those available at the moment. Therefore, the rate and circumstances of utilizing resources at present would be guaranteed adequate and continuous applies for future. Recent studies revealed that among silvicultural methods, the selection system and group selections are the best options for management of beech forests in a sustainable way. In this research high adaptive potential of some population (Neka at elevation 900 m.a.s.l. and Kheyrud at elevation 600 m.a.s.l. with 14 rare and specific area alleles) in comparison with limited adaptivity of others (such as Kheirud at elevation 1200 m.a.s.l. and Gorgan at elevation 2000 m.a.s.l. with 2 rare and specific area alleles) also emphasized on genetic resource conservation of beech forests and selection of suitable silviculture methods based on potential in every region.
<strong> </strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Lotus;" lang="AR-SA">گونه راش یکی از فراوانترین و از نظر اقتصادی مهمترین درختان جنگلهای شمال ایران است. تعیین ساختار هر توده و ترکیب آن با خصوصیات جنگلشناسی که شامل آمیختگی، سن، ساختار عمودی یا اشکوببندی، ساختار افقی، وجود یا عدم وجود روزنه، تاج پوشش، انبوهی، وجود و یا عدم وجود زادآوری یا زیراشکوب درختی و درختچهای است میتواند ما را در دستیابی به یک مدیریت مناسب و فراگیر، یاری نماید.</span>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Lotus;" lang="AR-SA">در این پژوهش خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی و ویژگیهای ژنتیکی در 14 قطعه نمونه نیم هکتاری در راشستانهای شمال ایران مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. هم چنین سعی شده است نقش عوامل انسانی و مدیریت راشستانهای مورد نظر (شیوههای جنگلشناسی بکار رفته) بر این خصوصیات مطالعه شود.</span>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Lotus;" lang="AR-SA">تنوع ژنتیکی بالای راش در راشستانهای ایران (هتروزیگوزیتی مورد انتظار= 191/0) حاکی از توان سازگاری این درخت در جنگلهای خزری میباشد. از آنجایی که رابطه مثبتی بین تنوع ژنتیکی و درصد پایههای چند شاخه و غیرمستقیم (بد فرم) وجود دارد، بنابراین از لحاظ نظری انتخاب و حفظ درختان خوش فرم برای زادآوری در تودهها که در اثر فعالیتهای مدیریت تحت شیوه تدریجی پناهی اعمال میگردد میبایست با احتیاط با آن برخورد شود. زیرا انتخاب برای حفظ برخی ژنوتیپها از مهمترین فرایندهایی است که در طی عملیات مدیریت جنگل باعث تغییر در گوناگونی ژنتیکی درختان میگردد. در طی این فرایند میزان برخی ژنها به شدت کاهش مییابد و بنابراین، باعث کاهش گوناگونی ژنتیکی میشود که میتواند روی سازگاری آینده تأثیر بگذارد. بنابراین یک شیوه جنگلشناسی مناسب میبایست ضمن حفاظت تودهها، همزمان با برداشت و استفاده از محصولات و خدمات جنگل در حال حاضر، کوششی برای تأمین محصولات، کالاها و سایر خدمات در آینده نیز باشد. به این ترتیب میزان و چگونگی استفاده از منابع موجود در حدی خواهد بود تا تأمین مناسب و مستمر آنها در آینده تضمین گردد. همان گونه که مطالعات اخیر نشان دادهاند در میان شیوههای جنگلشناسی دو شیوه تک گزینی و شیوه گروهگزینی با ساختار تودههای طبیعی راش شمال ایران همخوانی بیشتری دارد. در این پژوهش نیز توان سازگاری بالای برخی مناطق (نکا در ارتفاع 900 متر و خیرود در ارتفاع 600 متر از سطح دریا با 14 آلل نادر و مختص به محل) در مقایسه با سازگاری محدود برخی دیگر (مثل خیرود در ارتفاع 1200 متر و گرگان در ارتفاع 2000 متر از سطح دریا با 2 آلل نادر و مختص به محل) تأکیدی بر حفاظت راشستانهای شمال ایران و انتخاب شیوه جنگلشناسی مناسب با هدف تولید مستمر و حفاظت از تنوع ژنتیکی تودههای راش میباشد.</span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">Determination of beech (<em>Fagus orientalis </em>Lipsky) </span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">seeding cycle in Ziarat Forest</span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';"> </span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">S. Z. Mirkazemi</span></strong><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">1</span></strong></span><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';"> and A. R. Mirbadin</span></strong><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">2</span></strong></span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';"> </span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">Abstract</span></strong>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">The trail was conducted at Ziarat Forest (Longitude: 54</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">º</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';"> 25</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">´</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';"> East, Latitude: 36</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">º</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';"> 43</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">´</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';"> North, altitude: 650-2350. asl) of Caspian region of Iran in order to identify the seedling cycle of <em>F. orientalis</em>.</span>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">Twenty seven dominant beech trees were selected for quantitative and qualitative measurment. After soil and ground cover sampling and tree measurment, the trees were cut down and a disc sample was taken from each tree's stump. The discs were analyzed to study the annual rings. The results showed that:</span>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">1-Fagus orientalis has two seeding types, heavy and light.</span>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">2- The minimum age of seeding is about 49 year when is often associated with light seeding.</span>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">3- The heavy seeding begin at age of 57 year.</span>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">4- At a same site, different seeding cycles were observed during the living period.</span>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">5- The light and the heavy seeding repeat at 2-6 and 3-27 year period, respectively.</span>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">6- Natural regeneration depends on the light seeding cycles due to their frequent occurance.</span>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">7- There was a relationship between the averag decerese of annual ring growth rate and seeding types as follows:</span>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">a. If decrease of annual ring growth rate is more than 1mm, there will be a heavy seeding cycle.</span>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">b. If decrease of annual ring growth rate is between 1mm and 0.31mm, then there will be alight seeding cycle.</span>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">C. If decrease of annual ring growth rate is less than 0.31mm, there will not be a seeding cycle.</span>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';"> </span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">Key words: </span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">Forest</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">, beech, <em>Fagus orientalis</em>, seeding cycle, growth, age.</span>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br style="page-break-before: always;" clear="all" /> </span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Effects of eucalypt<em> plantation on</em> understory plant cover and some soil parameters in comparison to next natural forest in Astara of Iran</span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> </span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: 11pt;">F.</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Moraghebi</span></strong><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus'; color: black; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">1</span></strong></span><strong><span style="font-size: 11pt;">, S. A. A. Korori</span></strong><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus'; color: black; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">2</span></strong></span><strong><span style="font-size: 11pt;">, B. Khanjani-Shiraz</span></strong><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus'; color: black; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">3</span></strong></span><strong><span style="font-size: 11pt;">, M. Teimouri<sup>2</sup></span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> and A. Hemmati<sup>3</sup></span></strong>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';" lang="AR-SA" dir="RTL"> </span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Abstract</span></strong>
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">About 30 years ago, a eucalypt species trial was conducted in Caspian coastal forest of Iran at Astara, after clear felling the natural <em>Querco</em> – <em>Carpinetum</em> forest type. The aim of the study was investigation the effect eucalypt plantation </span><em><span style="font-size: 11pt;">on</span></em><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> understory plant cover component and soil properties .For this purpose, the understory species and their frequency was determined in both <em>eucalyptus </em>plantation and next natural forest. The Sorenson method was used to study the heterogeneity homogeneity of plant communities .Furthermore, the soil Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, organic matter and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured. Results showed that there was only 54% homogeneity between the understory plant cover of two sites according to Sorenson index that indicated the significant effects of <em>Eucalypt plantation </em>on kind and frequency of species<em>.</em> The amounts of Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, organic matter and EC was less in eucalypt plantation site than the natural forest site.</span>
The results showed that there was only 54% homogeneity between the understory plant cover of the two sites according to Sorenson Index and significant effect of eucalypt plantation on flora. The amount of Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, EC and organic matter in eucalypt plantation site was less than the natural forest site. It was concluded that eucalypt plantation on natural forest sites should be limited due to its significant effects on sol and flora.
<strong><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Key words</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11pt;">: Forestation, <em>Eucalyptus,</em> natural forest, Plant understory.</span>
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;"><br style="page-break-before: always;" clear="all" /> </span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">Effects of using Aquasorb Polymer on irrigation of<em> Pinus eldarica, Olea</em> <em>europea</em> and <em>Atriplex canescens</em></span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';" lang="AR-SA" dir="RTL"> </span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">A. Pourmeidani</span></strong><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">1</span></strong></span><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';"> and H. Khakdaman<sup>1</sup></span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';"> </span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">Abstract</span></strong>
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">This experiment was carried out in 2001 in order to determine the effect of aquasorb polymer on irrigation of three plant species in Hossein Abad Station of Sand Stabilization of Qom province.</span>
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">The Factorial statistical method under Randomized compete blocks design whit three replicates was used. There were two Factors: species (<em>Atriplex canescens, Pinus eldarica </em>Medw. and <em>Olea europea</em> L.) and Aquasorb polymer (0.0%, 2.0%, 4.0% with irrigation interval three times were than normal interval) and control irrigation with normal interval). The variables were: Soil water content (%) before and after irrigation (at depths of 25 and 50 cm) and survival % one, three and six months after plating. The ANOVA and Duncan tests were used to analyze the data.</span>
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">The results showed that there were significant differences (p<0.01) in respect to survival% between the planted species. The species <em>Atriplex canescens </em>p.,<em> Olea europea</em> and <em>Pinus eldarica</em> obtained the greatest survival percentage, respectively. The effects of Aquasorb polymer treatments on the measured variables (except soil water content ratio of after irrigation to before irrigation at 50 cm depth) were significant (p<0.01). There was a not significant differences between the levels 2.0 and 4.0% of Aquasorb polymer on one hand and between these levels and control irrigation regime on another hand. It is suggested to apply Aquasorb at level of 2.0 instead of normal irrigation for planting three species at similar climate and soil conditions as the studied site.</span>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';"> </span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">Key words:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';"> Aquasorb; irrigation, polymer, <em>Pinus, Olea, Atriplex</em></span>
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br style="page-break-before: always;" clear="all" /> </span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Distribution of different species of <em>Pistachio</em> in Markazi Province of Iran</span></strong>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">H. Zahedipour</span></strong><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic';">1</span></strong></span><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">, M. Fattahi</span></strong><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic';">2</span></strong></span><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">, H. R. Mirdavoodi Akhavan<sup>1</sup>, </span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Gh. R. Godarzi<sup>1</sup> and Z. Azdoo<sup>3</sup></span></strong>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Abstract</span></strong>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Considering appropriate adaptability of different wild species of <em>Pistacia</em> in different arid and Semi-arid environments of the country, as well as their high value from point of view of Resin and other chemical production; oil; and pharmacological use of their seeds, studying their habitats in different areas of Markazi Province, (as a sub-project of the national project under the title of “The study of <em>Pistacia</em> distribution and related influencing factors in Iran) seems to be important. In this project the basic maps including topography, soil, climate, geology, and landuse of the area (1:50000 scale) were purchased and digitized. Then the areas which were covered by the wild species were visited, recorded by GPS and digitized. In order to study the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the species, five sample plots (1600m<sup>2</sup>) The tree parameters were: density, total height, stem diameter, crown height, crown diameter, type of regeneration, stem and crown health, number of male and female Pistachios, amount of seed production and seed quality. After establishing the DEM of the areas, aspect and slope maps were also produced using <em>dfdx</em> and <em>dfdy</em> filters of IlWIS Academic Program Package.</span>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">On the basis of this investigation the following results were obtained.</span>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">-Twenty polygons of wild <em>Pistacia</em> species of (areas of 2216 ha) were recognized in Markazi Province.</span>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">- The species - environment relationships including: slop, aspect, climate, landuse and soil were determined, using maps integrating and data overlying methods.</span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> </span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">Key words:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <em>Pistachia atlantica</em>, <em>Pistachia Khinjuk</em>, Amygdalus, tree parameter.</span>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 95%; font-family: 'Traditional Arabic'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;" lang="FA" dir="RTL"><br style="page-break-before: always;" clear="all" /> </span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Survival and growth of 10 broadleaved</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> and needleleaved </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: FA;">tree </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: FA;">species</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> in Fars Province</span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">M. R. Negahdar - Saber</span></strong><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 95%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">1</span></strong></span><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">, M. Hamzehpour<sup>1</sup> and L. Joukar<sup>1</sup></span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Abstract</span></strong>
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 95%;">Importance of wood as a basic material in industry, along its broad uses and diverse by-products leads us to change our direction from exploitation of natural forests towards artificial forest plantation. This is done mainly by selecting suitable and fast-growing species. Understanding the adaptation and the growth potential of forest trees in different environments is one of the earliest steps in approaching this great goal.</span>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">In this study, growth and survival trend of ten forest tree species including <em>Pinus brutia</em>, <em>Cupressus sempervirens </em>var.<em> horizontalis</em>, <em>Cupressus arizonica</em>, <em>Pinus eldarica</em>, <em>Elaeagnus angustifolia</em>, <em>Robinia pseudoacacia</em>, <em>Quercus Brantii</em>, <em>Ailanthus altissima</em>, <em>Fraxinus rotundifolia </em>and <em>Pinus nigra </em>in a three hectare forest area in Kamfirooz, Fars province were investigated under RCBD</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 95%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">*</span></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 95%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">*</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> (Four replicates) for ten years (1993-2003). The area is located at longitude of 52º 10' E and latitude of 32º 22' N. Seedlings were planted at spacing of 3<span lang="AR-SA" dir="RTL">×</span>3m (44 seedling at each) The seedlings survival, collar diameter and height were measured twice a year, at beginning and at end of growth period. The SPSS program, and ANOVA and Duncan tests were used to analyze the data.</span>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The results showed that there were significant differences (p<0.05) between the species performances and there were significant relationship between the species height and diameter and between the species growth parameters and the growth periods. <em>P.</em> <em>brutia </em>and <em>C</em>. <em>arizonica </em>had significantly better growth and survival compared to other species. On the other hand, <em>Pinus nigra</em> showed the least survival, and <em>Q. Brantii </em>showedthe least height and diameter growth.</span>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Overall, it seems that the needleleaved species, except <em>P. nigra</em>,are more successful than thebroadleaved species in respect to their survival, diameter and height parameters.</span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 95%;"> </span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 95%;">Key words: </span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 95%;">Diameter, height growth, elimination, species trial, Zagros</span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br style="page-break-before: always;" clear="all" /> </span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Effects of different chemical and livestock fertilizers on growth of Caucasian oak seedlings in two nurseries at Caspian Region of Iran</span></strong>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus'; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> </span>
A. Rahmani<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic'; mso-bidi-language: FA;">1</span></span> and M. Khoshnevis<sup>1</sup>
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';"> </span>
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">Abstract</span>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of N, P and manure fertilizers on growth of<em> Quercus castaneifolia </em>C.A.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">Meyerin Shahrposht and Koloudeh nurseries (north of Iran)<em>.</em> The trial was conducted under factorial statistical method, randomized complete blocks design and three replicates. The factors were Ammonium Sulfate at three levels: 0, 40 and 80 kg/ha), Triple Superphosphate (at three levels: 0, 80 and 120 kg/ha) and manure (at two levels: 0 and 30 T/ha).</span>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">The shoot (height and collar diameter) and the root (length, diameter and dry weigh) parameters were measured at each plot, using 15 and tree seedlings, respectively.</span>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">In Shahrposht nursery the height and the collar diameter of the seedlings were not affected significantly by any of the fertilizers. Seedlings growth in Koloudeh nursery was improved in fertilized plots, especially with manure application.</span>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">The results clearly show that there was significant difference between Koloudeh and Shahrposht nurseries in response to fertilizers</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';" lang="AR-SA" dir="RTL">.</span>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';"> </span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">Key words: </span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">nursery, fertilization, growth, Caucasian oak, seedling, rootshoot.</span>
<br clear="all" />
<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic';">1</span></span>- <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Member of Scientific Board, Research Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Golestan province, Gorgan, I. R. Iran. E- mail: Zaidmirkazemi@ Yahoo.com</span>
<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic';">2</span></span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">- Member of Scientific Board, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, I.R. Iran. E-mail: alirezamirbadin@ rifr- ac.org</span>
<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic';">1</span></span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">- </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">Member of Scientific Board of Azad University. </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">E-mail: moraghebi@yahoo.com</span>
<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic';">2</span></span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">- </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Member of Scientific Board of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. P.O.Box. 13185-116. Tehran- I.R. Iran.</span>
<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic';">3</span></span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">- </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Research</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Experts of Research center of Agricultural and Natural Resources of Gilan province, Gilan, I. R. Iran. </span>
<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic';">1</span></span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">- Members of </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus';">scientific Board of Qom Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center.</span>
<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic';">1</span></span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">- Member of Scientific Board of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Markazi Province, E-mail: frahani39@yahoo.com</span>
<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic';">2</span></span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">- Member of Scientific Board of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran. P. O. Box: 13185-116., Tehran, I. R. Iran.</span>
<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic';">1</span></span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">- </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Members of Scientific Board, Fars Research Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources. E-mail: saber@.farsagres.ir</span>
<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic';">*</span></span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">- </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Randomized Complete Blocks Design</span>
<span style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic';" lang="AR-SA" dir="RTL"> </span>
<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic';">1</span></span>- Member of scientific board, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Iran. Emaol: arahamani@rifr-ac.irhttps://ijfpr.areeo.ac.ir/article_109291_09b43a5525de30f7d738c7b933d60a0a.pdfمؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشورتحقیقات جنگل و صنوبر ایران1735-088312220040621Seed extraction from ripe and unripe fruits of Caper tree and effects of different seed treatments and pot mix on their germination and seedling survivalمقایسه تولید نهال کلیر(Capparis decidua) با استفاده از کاشت بذرهای رسیده و نارس در استان هرمزگان200185109292FAغلامرضا دمیزادهکارشناس ارشد مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان هرمزگان.Journal Article20040228Ripe and unripe fruits of Capertree (<em>Capparis decidua</em>)(Forssk,) Edgew) were collected separately from its natural habitat at SirikHarbour in Hormozgan province in 2001 (June) and rubbed and washed in laboratory to remove their fleshy part. Two separate trials were carried out in nursery to examine the seeds germination and their subsequent seedlings survival. The trials were the same in statistical design - (Factorial under completely randomized plots at three replicates).
There were two factors as follows:
1- Seed germination at four levels (control or soaking seeds in water for 12 hours, soaking in sulfuric acid for 30 minutes, soaking seeds in sulfuric acid for 45 minutes and sowing the whole fruit.
2- Pot mix (sand, clay, livestock manure and garden soil) at 11 levels, including control (natural habitat soil( and 10 levels of pot mix rate. There were four pots at each plot.
Except at control level of seed germination, the effects of the other treatments on seed germination and seedling survival were significant (p<0.01). Seed and seedling performance in ripe fruits was greater than in unripe fruits. In control treatment, seed germination and seedling performance was greater than the other treatments, but there were not significant between the two types of the fruits. Overall, the seed and seedling performance of the ripe fruits was significantly (p<0.01) greater than the unripe fruits at all levels of pot mix.میوههای رسیده و نارس کلیر در خرداد ماه از رویشگاه طبیعی آن در سیریک جمعآوری گردید و بهطور جداگانه بذرگیری شدند. دو آزمایش جداگانه بهطور همزمان، جهت مقایسه قوه نامیه بذرهای رسیده و نارس کلیر و درصد نهالهای زنده در شرایط نهالستان ترتیب داده شد. هر بررسی در قالب آزمایش فاکتوریل با طرح پایه کاملاً تصادفی اجرا گردید که در آنها عوامل آزمایشی عبارت بودند از: تیمار پیش رویشی بذر (در چهار سطح شامل شاهد یا 12 ساعت خیساندن در آب، 30 دقیقه اسید سولفوریک، 45 دقیقه اسید سولفوریک و کاشت میوه کامل) و ترکیب خاک گلدان )در 11 سطح شامل نسبتهای مختلف شن، خاک باغچه، خاک رس، کود حیوانی و نیز خاک رویشگاه طبیعی بهعنوان شاهد). جهت کاشت بذرها از گلدانهای با ارتفاع 25 سانتیمتر استفاده شد و هر ترکیب تیماری شامل 4 گلدان در 3 تکرار در نظر گرفته شد.به جز تیمار شاهد (12 ساعت آب معمولی)، در سایر تیمارها بذرهای رسیده نسبت به بذرهای نارس بهطور بسیار معنیداری (در سطح 01/0) از قوه نامیه و درصد نهالهای زنده بیشتری برخوردار بودند. در تیمار 12 ساعت آب معمولی علاوه بر اینکه قوه نامیه و درصد نهالهای زنده کلیر بیشتر از سایر تیمارها بود، هیچ گونه تفاوت معنیداری بین بذرهای رسیده و نارس مشاهده نشد. در تمامی خاکهای آزمایشی، بذرهای رسیده نسبت به بذرهای نارس بهطور بسیار معنیداری (در سطح 01/0) بهتر سبز شدند. بهطور کلی استفاده از بذرهای رسیده نسبت به بذرهای نارس تفاوت بسیار معنیداری (در سطح 01/0) نشان دادند.
<strong> </strong>https://ijfpr.areeo.ac.ir/article_109292_18b8073087d0a8464e7add5dec9a895d.pdfمؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشورتحقیقات جنگل و صنوبر ایران1735-088312220040621Investigation on natural regeneration of Quercus castaneifolia C. A. M. at Loveh forest management projectبررسی وضعیت تجدید حیات طبیعی بلند مازو در طرح جنگلداری لوه220201109293FAناصر مهاجراعضاء هیأت علمی مرکز تحقیقات منابع طبیعی و امور دام استان گلستانسید زیدا.. میرکاظمیاعضاء هیأت علمی مرکز تحقیقات منابع طبیعی و امور دام استان گلستانJournal Article20170227In order to study the natural regeneration of <em>Q. Castaneifolia,</em> the regeneration unit of District No.2 of the Loveh forest Management project was selected. The regeneration unit has been under management from 1981 at 350 ha area, using the uniform compartment system to produce an even - aged high forest. The required cuttings under the silvicultural system are being made irregularly. <br />In 1992, 102 nested plots of 100 to 1000 m<sup>2</sup> area were allocated under the Systematic Randomized Sampling Method and the required cuttings were made. Regeneration of oak and other species and the seedling establishment and their relationships with the silvicultural method and environmental factors were studied. <br />The results show that 78.5% of the regeneration unit area has a moderate to excellent level of regeneration, whereas 59% of its area is lack of oak regeneration. The minimum percentage of regeneration in different environmental conditions is as follows: <br />- Slope gradient of 10-20%: 51.7% <br />- Slope aspect of north 0.5-0.9: 61.7% <br />- Crown Cover of 0.5-0.9: 61.7% <br />- Humus thickness of 3.0-5.0 cm: 30.2% <br />Overall, the forest management project has not been applied in accordance to the preliminary regulations objectives. The factors that decreased natural regeneration were: inharmonic cuttings, marking the seeding trees for cutting at early stage of applying the silvicultural system, low number of seeding trees, construction of secondary roads with less technical basics, damage caused by local people, seed feed by wild animals and seed damage by different pests. <br /> بهمنظور بررسی وضعیت زادآوری طبیعی بلند مازو[1]، سری 2 دانگ زادآوری طرح جنگلداری لوه که از نظر درصد ترکیب و حجم بلوط وضع معرفی داشت انتخاب گردید. دانگ فوق از سال 1360 در سطحی معادل 350 هکتار با پیشبینی برشهای پناهی و ایجاد جنگل دانهزاد همسال مورد برنامهریزی قرار گرفت ودر حال حاضر برشهای پناهی به شکل نامنظم در حال اجرا است. در این بررسی در سال 74 تعداد 102پلات تودرتو[2] به مساحتهای یک و 10 آر بهطور تصادفی و سیستماتیک انتخاب و برداشتهای لازم در آن انجام شد. زادآوری بلند مازو و سایر گونهها از نظر کمی و استقرار آن در عرصه دانگ زادآوری و همچنین ارتباط آن با شیوه جنگلشناسی و عوامل رویشگاهی که در تحقق آن نقش داشتهاند مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نتایج به شرح زیر است:<br /> - 5/ 78 درصد سطح دانگ زادآوری دارای زادآوری متوسط تا خیلی خوب بوده است.<br /> - 59 درصد سطح دانگ زادآوری، فاقد زادآوری بلند مازو است.<br /> ارتباط زادآوری با عوامل رویشگاهی نشان میدهد که بیشترین زادآوری با 7/51درصد به شیب10 تا 20 درصد اختصاص دارد. زادآوری در دامنههای شمال غربی با 2/35 درصد بیشتر از سایر جهات بوده است 7/61 درصد زادآوری در محدوده تاج پوشش (9/0-5/0) بوده است. 2/30 درصد زادآوری در محدوده ضخامت هوموس و لاشبرگ 4 تا 3 سانتیمتر است. بررسی عوامل مؤثر در زادآوری بلند مازو نشان میدهد که روش اجرای طرح مطابق با دستورالعملها و اهداف اولیه نبوده است. بهطور کلی، برشهای ناهماهنگ، نشانهگذاری درختان مادری در برشهای اولیه (اجرای نادرست شیوه جنگلشناسی)، تعداد کم پایههای مادری، ایجاد<br /> شبکه راههای فرعی غیراصولی، خسارات ناشی از عملیات قطع و حمل و نقل بهرهبرداری، جمعآوری بذرها توسط اهالی، تغذیه وحوش از بذرها و آفات جونده موش و تشی و کرم ریشه را باید در نقص زادآوری بلند مازو دانست.<br /> <br clear="all" /><br /> <br /> C.A.Mey. sub sp. <em>castaneifolia</em> 2- <em>Quercus castaneifolia</em><br /> <br /> <br /> 3- Nested plothttps://ijfpr.areeo.ac.ir/article_109293_643b7d1ad2b1551404125772e245dac2.pdfمؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشورتحقیقات جنگل و صنوبر ایران1735-088312220040621Investigation on wood production of different poplar clones (wide crown clones) in Karaj areaبررسی میزان تولید چوب کلنهای مختلف صنوبر (کلنهای تاج باز) در منطقه کرج250221109294FAرفعتاله قاسمیاعضاء هیأت علمی مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع، تهرانعلیرضا مدیررحمتیاعضاء هیأت علمی مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع، تهرانJournal Article20170227In this investigation 15 superior poplar clones with wide crown were selected from the first stage of the Selection Nurseries Trial. One year old seedlings of the clones were planted under the statistical design of Randomized Complete Blocks at Karaj Natural Resources Centre in 1999 (75 seedlings at each plot). At the end of each growing season diameter at breast height (dbh) and height were measured. <br />After calculating mean height and diameter of the clones, their mean, current and total growth volumes were determined. The mean growth volume data was analyzed using the MSTATC computer software. <br />The results of 10 year old trial shows that among the investigated poplar clones, <em>Populus euramericana</em> <em>vernirubensis</em> with diameter of 24.6 cm and <em>Populus euramericana</em> 154 with height of 18.57 m achieved the greatest diameter and height growth rate, respectively. <br />There was significant difference between <em>P. euramericana</em> <em>vernirubensis</em> and <em>P. alba nivea</em> in average volume growth rate (27.45 and 9.02 m<sup>3</sup> /ha/y, respectively). <br />During the 10 year growth period, the highest current volume growth of the poplar clones belonged to years 1996-1998, because 52.18 to 64.2 percent of the total growth developed during these three years. <em>P. deltoides </em>Particularly <em>P. deltoides 73/51 </em>was the most tolerant species whereas <em>P. alba (P. alba nivea) </em>and<em> P. nigra (P. nigra 42/51)</em> were the low tolerant species to pest infection.برای اجرای این تحقیق تعداد 15 کلن برتر از میان ارقام صنوبر بررسی شده در مرحله اول آزمایش (خزانههای سلکسیون) انتخاب گردید. از هر کلن به تعداد 75 اصله نهال یکساله براساس طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی در اسفند ماه 1369 در اراضی مرکز تحقیقات البرز کرج مورد کاشت قرار گرفت. در پایان هر فصل رویش، قطر برابر سینه و ارتفاع درختان اندازهگیری شد و بعد از تعیین میانگینهای قطر و ارتفاع نسبت به محاسبه رویش کل، رویش جاری و رویش متوسط حجمی کلنها اقدام گردید و سپس متغیر رویش متوسط حجمی با استفاده از نرمافزار MSTATC مورد تجزیه و تحلیل آماری قرار گرفت. نتایج بدست آمده طی یک دوره ده ساله بیانگر آن است که:<br /> از میان صنوبرهای بررسی شده کلن<em>P.euramericana vernirubensis </em><em> </em>با میانگین قطر برابر سینه 6/24 سانتیمتر و کلن<em>P.euramericana 154</em> با میانگین ارتفاع 57/18 متر از بیشترین میزان رویش قطری و طولی برخوردار بودهاند.<br /> کلن<em>P.eur.</em> <em>vernirubensis</em> با میانگین تولید 45/27 متر مکعب، بیشترین و کلن <em>P.alba nivea </em><em> </em>با میانگین 02/9 متر مکعب در هکتار و در سال کمترینمیزان رویش متوسط حجمی را داشتهاند و از این نظر میان کلنها اختلاف معنیدار وجود داشته است.<br /> بررسی رویش جاری حجمی کلنها طی دوره اجرای طرح نشان میدهد که حداکثر رویش طی سالهای 1375 تا 1377 صورت گرفته است. به طوریکه از 18/52 تا 20/64 درصد از کل رویش ده ساله کلنها طی این سه سال انجام شده است.<br /> از نظر آلودگی کلنها به آفات، حساسترین کلنها، صنوبرهای<em>P.deltoides </em> از جمله <em>P.deltoides 73/51</em>و مقاومترین آنها ارقام گروههای<em>P. alba </em><em> </em>و<em>P.nigra </em><em> </em>از جمله<em>P.nigra 42/51</em>و<em>P.alba nivea</em>بودهاند.https://ijfpr.areeo.ac.ir/article_109294_55b2091dd3720da5a777b8aaec0ea9d5.pdfمؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشورتحقیقات جنگل و صنوبر ایران1735-088312220040621Regeneration gaps and quantitative characteristics of seedlings in different development stages of undisturbed beech stands (Kelardasht, Northern Iran)بررسی سطوح حفرههای زادآوری و وضعیت کمی نهالهای استقرار یافته در قطعه شاهد جنگلهای کلاردشت (طرح لنگا)266251109295FAبهرام دلفان اباذریدکترای جنگلداری از دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات / کارشناس ارشد سازمان جنگلها، مراتع و آبخیزداری کشور.خسرو ثاقب طالبیعضو هیأت علمی مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع.منوچهر نمیرانیاندانشیار دانشکده منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران.Journal Article20170227A continuous forest cover depends on the continuity and establishment of natural regeneration, which is a slow process in undisturbed and virgin forests.
The following investigation is carried out in a protected natural undisturbed beech forest in Kelardasht region, Mazandaran province.
All the main three development stages (initial, optimal and decay) are recognized in the studied stand. Establishment of regeneration begins with falling of dead trees and with creation of gaps.
Results showed that the highest frequency of gaps belongs to areas in mean size of 550 m<sup>2</sup> with falling of two dead trees; whereas, the lowest frequency belongs to an area of 1200-1700 m<sup>2</sup> created with falling of more than four trees. The highest number of seedling is observed in the decay stage (17600-ha). Number of seedlings obviously decreases in other development stages.از میان مناطق رویشی پنجگانه کشورتنها جنگلهای هیرکانی در شمال ایران هستند که با سطحی حدود 9/1میلیون هکتار جزء جنگلهای تولیدی بحساب میآیند که در طول سالیان گذشته در قالب طرحهای جنگلداری تحت مدیریت درآمدهاند و بخشی از فرآوردههای چوبی مورد نیاز کشور را تولید میکنند. تداوم تولید در جنگل به استقرار و تحول زادآوری طبیعی در آن وابسته است. جنگلهای شمال ایران چنانچه تحت دخالتهای بی جا و مخرب انسانی قرار نگیرند، خودبهخود به تجدید حیات قادر خواهند بود. روند استقرار تجدید حیات طبیعی در جنگل نسبتاً کند و بطیی است. در جنگلهای طبیعی دخالت نشده راش در منطقه کلاردشت اساساً سه مرحله تحولی شامل: تخریب اولیه، (صعود و افزایش رشد) و اپتیمال قابل مشاهده است. شروع استقرار زادآوری به ایجاد حفره در تاج پوشش تودههای جنگلی منوط است که این وضعیت زمانی بهوجود میآید که در نتیجه کهولت سن و دیرزیستی درختان دچار ضعف فیزیولوژیکی شده و از وسعت تاج پوشش آنها کاسته میشود و یا در اثرعوامل طبیعی مانند باد، طوفان و صاعقه شکسته و یا میافتند و در نتیجه سبب ایجاد حفرههایی در سطح عرصه جنگل میگردد. اندازه سطح حفرههایی که بدون هیچگونه دخالتی در تودههای طبیعی ایجاد میشود و همچنین وضعیت کمی و کیفی و روند استقرار زادآوری در هر مرحله تحولی میتواند راهکار بسیار خوبی در مدیریت، طراحی و اجرای طرحهای جنگلداری داشته باشد که در نهایت به حصول یک زادآوری طبیعی مطلوب در جنگل منجر خواهد شد. بررسیهای بهعمل آمده نشان داد که در تودههای طبیعی دخالت نشده راش، بیشترین فروانی به حفرههایی مربوط است که حداقل 2 اصله درخت افتاده داشته و بهطور متوسط سطحی معادل 552 متر مربع را شامل میشود و کمترین فراوانی مربوط به حفرههایی است که بیش از 4 اصله درخت افتاده داشته و سطحی معادل 1200 تا1700 متر مربع را شامل میشود. در میان مراحل تحولی مختلف از نظر میزان زادآوری طبیعی بیشترین فراوانی به مرحله تحولی تخریب (فاز تجدید حیات) با 17600اصله در هکتار مربوط است و در مراحل تحولی بعدی از میزان تجدید حیات به شدت کاسته میگردد.
<strong> </strong>https://ijfpr.areeo.ac.ir/article_109295_e4c8cebfac8a0f0f0d1e4de0a0da52db.pdfمؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشورتحقیقات جنگل و صنوبر ایران1735-088312220040621Identification of Poplar clones, using morphological markersاستفاده از نشانگرهای مورفولوژیکی در تمایز کلنهای صنوبر300267109296FAفرهاد اسدیاعضاء هیأت علمی مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع.حسین میرزایی ندوشناعضاء هیأت علمی مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع.علیرضا مدیررحمتیاعضاء هیأت علمی مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع.محبتعلی نادری شهاباعضاء هیأت علمی مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع.Journal Article20040228Identification of Poplar clones is necessary, Particularly at early stage of growth, to demonstrate their similarity and diversity in selection process. Identification and selection of poplar clones was carried out using morphological attributes after a process period of 10-15 years. Although this approach, renders some information about the clones growth characteristics, but requires relatively high costs for time and site. In this study 12 clones belonged to four species were planted under randomized complete blocks statistical design with three replicates and their data were recorded during the years 1999-2001. <br />Twenty distinctive morphological attributes of the poplar clones leaves, branches and roots which according to the new methods can be applied to identify clones and species at early growth stages, were measured at different times. The data were analyzed using various univariate and multivariate statistical methods including analysis of variance, cluster analysis and principal component analysis. <br />The results shows that the morphological markers in conjunction with appropriate statistical methods are able to differentiate poplar clones. There were significant differences between the species and clones, regarding their morphological characteristics. <br />Although univariate analysis was not suitable for systematical classification, but multivariate analyses such as cluster and component analyses were the best for the clones and species classification. Overall, the clones of the species <em>P. alba, P. nigra, P. euphratica</em> and <em>P.deltoides</em> were classified at separate groups. <br /> شناسایی و تمایز گونهها و کلنهای مختلف جنس صنوبر و تعیین قرابتها و تنوع آنها در دستیابی به پدیده هتروزیس بهویژه در فرایند انتخاب ضرورت دارد. تمایز و انتخاب این گونهها و کلنها با استفاده از مطالعه تعداد اندکی از صفات مورفولوژیکی و پس از طی مراحل تحقیقاتی 10تا 15 ساله انجام میپذیرد. این روش هر چند اطلاعات زیادی را از نظر ویژگیهای رویشی ارقام در اختیار میگذارد، اما برای تمایز ارقام صنوبر، مستلزم بر صرف هزینههای نسبتاً سنگین زمان و مکان است.<br /> در این تحقیق با استفاده از معیارهای جدید 12 کلن از چهار گونه صنوبر در قالب یک طرح آزمایشی بلوکهای کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در محل ایستگاه تحقیقاتی مرکز البرز کرج کاشته شده و طی سالهای 1377 تا 1380 فعالیتهای زیر بر روی آنها انجام گرفته است.<br />20 صفت مورفولوژیکی اعم از ویژگیهای برگ، شاخه و ریشه ارقام صنوبر که براساس روشهای موجود در مراحل اولیه رشد میتوانستند موجب تمایز گونهها و کلنها گردند، در زمانهای مختلف از روی کلیه واحدهای آزمایشی طرح فوق اندازهگیری گردیدند. تجزیه آماری دادهها با استفاده از روشهای تجزیه واریانس یک متغیره، تجزیه خوشهای و تجزیه به مؤلفههای اصلی انجام شد.<br /> براساس نتایج بدست آمده با تجزیه واریانس صفات مختلف مشخص شد که اختلاف معنیدار در سطح یک یا پنج درصد بین کلنها و گونهها وجود دارد، ولی گروهبندی کلنها براساس تک تک این صفات با تقسیمبندیهای رایج سیستماتیک همخوانی بالایی نداشت. لیکن با استفاده از روشهای چند متغیره مانند روشهای تجزیه خوشهای و تجزیه به مؤلفههای اصلی به علت در نظر گرفتن کلیه صفات و با ارائه شکلهای مناسب ارقام مختلف صنوبر در سطح قابل قبولی از هم تفکیک شدند. بر این اساس کلنهای متعلق به گونههایPopulus alba،P. nigra،P. euphraticaوP. deltoids در گروههای جداگانه قرار گرفتند.https://ijfpr.areeo.ac.ir/article_109296_2bfda29be026a93513fe38ada59358e6.pdfمؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشورتحقیقات جنگل و صنوبر ایران1735-088312220040621Abstractمجموعه چکیده انگلیسی مقالات306301109297FAJournal Article20170227<strong>Identification of Poplar clones, using morphological markers</strong> <br /> <br /><br /><strong>Abstract</strong> <br />Identification of Poplar clones is necessary, Particularly at early stage of growth, to demonstrate their similarity and diversity in selection process. Identification and selection of poplar clones was carried out using morphological attributes after a process period of 10-15 years. Although this approach, renders some information about the clones growth characteristics, but requires relatively high costs for time and site. In this study 12 clones belonged to four species were planted under randomized complete blocks statistical design with three replicates and their data were recorded during the years 1999-2001. <br />Twenty distinctive morphological attributes of the poplar clones leaves, branches and roots which according to the new methods can be applied to identify clones and species at early growth stages, were measured at different times. The data were analyzed using various univariate and multivariate statistical methods including analysis of variance, cluster analysis and principal component analysis. <br />The results shows that the morphological markers in conjunction with appropriate statistical methods are able to differentiate poplar clones. There were significant differences between the species and clones, regarding their morphological characteristics. <br />Although univariate analysis was not suitable for systematical classification, but multivariate analyses such as cluster and component analyses were the best for the clones and species classification. Overall, the clones of the species <em>P. alba, P. nigra, P. euphratica</em> and <em>P.deltoides</em> were classified at separate groups. <br /><strong> </strong> <br /><strong>Key words:</strong> Populus, nursery, morphological markers, cluster analysis, Principal Component Analysis. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /><strong>Regeneration gaps and quantitative characteristics of seedlings in different development stages of undisturbed beech stands (Kelardasht, Northern Iran)</strong> <br /><strong> </strong> <br /><strong> </strong> <br /><strong>Abstract</strong> <br />A continuous forest cover depends on the continuity and establishment of natural regeneration, which is a slow process in undisturbed and virgin forests. <br />The following investigation is carried out in a protected natural undisturbed beech forest in Kelardasht region, Mazandaran province. <br />All the main three development stages (initial, optimal and decay) are recognized in the studied stand. Establishment of regeneration begins with falling of dead trees and with creation of gaps. <br />Results showed that the highest frequency of gaps belongs to areas in mean size of 550 m<sup>2</sup> with falling of two dead trees; whereas, the lowest frequency belongs to an area of 1200-1700 m<sup>2</sup> created with falling of more than four trees. The highest number of seedling is observed in the decay stage (17600-ha). Number of seedlings obviously decreases in other development stages. <br /> <br /><strong>Key words: </strong>Caspian forests, Kelardasht, beech, regeneration, development stages. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /><strong>Investigation on wood production of different poplar clones (wide crown clones) in Karaj area</strong> <br /> <br /><strong> </strong> <br /><strong>Abstract</strong> <br />In this investigation 15 superior poplar clones with wide crown were selected from the first stage of the Selection Nurseries Trial. One year old seedlings of the clones were planted under the statistical design of Randomized Complete Blocks at Karaj Natural Resources Centre in 1999 (75 seedlings at each plot). At the end of each growing season diameter at breast height (dbh) and height were measured. <br />After calculating mean height and diameter of the clones, their mean, current and total growth volumes were determined. The mean growth volume data was analyzed using the MSTATC computer software. <br />The results of 10 year old trial shows that among the investigated poplar clones, <em>Populus euramericana</em> <em>vernirubensis</em> with diameter of 24.6 cm and <em>Populus euramericana</em> 154 with height of 18.57 m achieved the greatest diameter and height growth rate, respectively. <br />There was significant difference between <em>P. euramericana</em> <em>vernirubensis</em> and <em>P. alba nivea</em> in average volume growth rate (27.45 and 9.02 m<sup>3</sup> /ha/y, respectively). <br />During the 10 year growth period, the highest current volume growth of the poplar clones belonged to years 1996-1998, because 52.18 to 64.2 percent of the total growth developed during these three years. <em>P. deltoides </em>Particularly <em>P. deltoides 73/51 </em>was the most tolerant species whereas <em>P. alba (P. alba nivea) </em>and<em> P. nigra (P. nigra 42/51)</em> were the low tolerant species to pest infection. <br /> <br /><strong>Key words:</strong> Poplar, Wood, diameter, height, volume, <em>P.alba, P. nigra, P. deltoids, P. euramericana</em> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /><strong>Investigation on natural regeneration of <em>Quercus castaneifolia</em> C. A. M. at Loveh forest management project </strong><br /><strong> </strong> <br /><strong> </strong> <br /><strong>Abstract</strong> <br />In order to study the natural regeneration of <em>Q. Castaneifolia,</em> the regeneration unit of District No.2 of the Loveh forest Management project was selected. The regeneration unit has been under management from 1981 at 350 ha area, using the uniform compartment system to produce an even - aged high forest. The required cuttings under the silvicultural system are being made irregularly. <br />In 1992, 102 nested plots of 100 to 1000 m<sup>2</sup> area were allocated under the Systematic Randomized Sampling Method and the required cuttings were made. Regeneration of oak and other species and the seedling establishment and their relationships with the silvicultural method and environmental factors were studied. <br />The results show that 78.5% of the regeneration unit area has a moderate to excellent level of regeneration, whereas 59% of its area is lack of oak regeneration. The minimum percentage of regeneration in different environmental conditions is as follows: <br />- Slope gradient of 10-20%: 51.7% <br />- Slope aspect of north 0.5-0.9: 61.7% <br />- Crown Cover of 0.5-0.9: 61.7% <br />- Humus thickness of 3.0-5.0 cm: 30.2% <br />Overall, the forest management project has not been applied in accordance to the preliminary regulations objectives. The factors that decreased natural regeneration were: inharmonic cuttings, marking the seeding trees for cutting at early stage of applying the silvicultural system, low number of seeding trees, construction of secondary roads with less technical basics, damage caused by local people, seed feed by wild animals and seed damage by different pests. <br /> <br />Key words: <em>Quercus castaneifolia,</em> regeneration, silviculture <br /> <br /><strong>Seed extraction from ripe and unripe fruits of Caper tree and effects of different seed treatments and pot mix on their germination and seedling survival</strong> <br /> <br /><strong> </strong> <br />Abstract <br />Ripe and unripe fruits of Capertree (<em>Capparis decidua</em>)(Forssk,) Edgew) were collected separately from its natural habitat at SirikHarbour in Hormozgan province in 2001 (June) and rubbed and washed in laboratory to remove their fleshy part. Two separate trials were carried out in nursery to examine the seeds germination and their subsequent seedlings survival. The trials were the same in statistical design - (Factorial under completely randomized plots at three replicates). <br />There were two factors as follows: <br />1- Seed germination at four levels (control or soaking seeds in water for 12 hours, soaking in sulfuric acid for 30 minutes, soaking seeds in sulfuric acid for 45 minutes and sowing the whole fruit. <br />2- Pot mix (sand, clay, livestock manure and garden soil) at 11 levels, including control (natural habitat soil( and 10 levels of pot mix rate. There were four pots at each plot. <br />Except at control level of seed germination, the effects of the other treatments on seed germination and seedling survival were significant (p<0.01). Seed and seedling performance in ripe fruits was greater than in unripe fruits. In control treatment, seed germination and seedling performance was greater than the other treatments, but there were not significant between the two types of the fruits. Overall, the seed and seedling performance of the ripe fruits was significantly (p<0.01) greater than the unripe fruits at all levels of pot mix. <br /><strong> </strong> <br /><strong>Key words:</strong> <em>Capparis decidua,</em> seed, germination, seedling, survival, fruit, soil <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /><strong>A study on morphological, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of oriental beech stands from gene conservation point of view </strong><br /><strong> </strong> <br /><strong> </strong> <br /><strong>Abstract</strong> <br />Beech is one of the most abundant economically important species in northern Iran. Stand structure identification, combined with silvicultural characteristics, including of ad-mixture, age classes, vertical and horizontal structure, crown cover, absence or presence of gaps and regeneration or under storey could help in optimal management. <br />Morphological qualitative and quantitative characteristics as well as genetic variation of beech were investigated in 14 sample plots, each covering 0.5 ha; originating from the major part of distribution range of this species in Hyrcanian zone. In this research also the role of human manipulation and selected management methods for management of beech forests on these characteristics were studied. <br />Considerable genetic diversity of beech forests (expected heterozygosity = 0.191) represents large adaptive potential of this species. Due to positive correlation between genetic diversity and rate of undesirable trees, selection and conservation of desirable trees in shelterwood system must be considered with precautious. Because the selection for conservation of some genotypes is one of the most important processes in forest management practices, it changes the genetic variation of trees. During this process frequency of some genes and following that genetic variability and future adaptability, would be strongly reduced. An appropriate silvicultural system should reflect a sense of conservation, or a determined effort to provide future yields of goods and other values, even while harvesting or using those available at the moment. Therefore, the rate and circumstances of utilizing resources at present would be guaranteed adequate and continuous applies for future. Recent studies revealed that among silvicultural methods, the selection system and group selections are the best options for management of beech forests in a sustainable way. In this research high adaptive potential of some population (Neka at elevation 900 m.a.s.l. and Kheyrud at elevation 600 m.a.s.l. with 14 rare and specific area alleles) in comparison with limited adaptivity of others (such as Kheirud at elevation 1200 m.a.s.l. and Gorgan at elevation 2000 m.a.s.l. with 2 rare and specific area alleles) also emphasized on genetic resource conservation of beech forests and selection of suitable silviculture methods based on potential in every region. <br /><br /><strong>Key words:</strong> Beech, <em>Fagus orientalis </em>Lipsky, Iran, Silviculture, genetic diversity, gene conservation. <br /><br clear="all" /><br />https://ijfpr.areeo.ac.ir/article_109297_fb687466e4b5daa63bfbdac2affe470e.pdf