ارزیابی بلندمدت التیام زخم در درختان صدمه دیده در اثر عملیات چوب‌کشی (مطالعه موردی: جنگل خیرود)

نوع مقاله : علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی جنگل، گروه جنگل‌داری و اقتصاد جنگل، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

2 دانشیار، گروه جنگل‌داری و اقتصاد جنگل، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

3 استاد، گروه جنگل‌داری و اقتصاد جنگل، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

چکیده

امروزه با توجه به اعمال شیوه جنگل‌‌شناسی نزدیک به طبیعت برای مدیریت جنگل­های هیرکانی و پراکندگی برداشت در این شیوه، کاهش صدمات به توده باقی­مانده اهمیت زیادی پیدا کرده است. هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی و مقایسه بلندمدت مقاومت گونه‌ها و قطرهای مختلف درختان در مقابل زخم‌های ایجاد شده با اندازه‌، شدت و محل‌های متفاوت و چگونگی تغییرات در محل زخم (التیام و بسته شدن زخم) بود. این پژوهش در بخش پاتم و نم­خانه جنگل خیرود با اندازه‌گیری صدمه به درختان باقیمانده در فاصله پنج متر از دو طرف محور مرکز مسیرهای چوبکشی به‌صورت پیمایش زمینی و آماربرداری صددرصد از درختان صدمه دیده انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که بین نوع گونه و مقدار التیام اختلاف معنی‏داری وجود داشت و راش مقاوم‌ترین گونه در مقابل صدمه مکانیکی بود. با افزایش قطر و با افزایش اندازه زخم (مساحت اولیه زخم)، نسبت التیام به­طور معنی­داری کاهش می­یافت. با افزایش ارتفاع محل زخم، درصد التیام زخم تغییر معنی­داری نداشت و با افزایش شدت زخم، درصد التیام به­طور معنی­داری کاهش می­یافت. همچنین، سن زخم اثر معنی‌داری بر نسبت التیام زخم و موقعیت درختان در مسیر چوبکشی تأثیر معنی‌داری بر مقدار صدمات به درختان باقی­مانده داشت. با توجه به این نکته که بیشتر زخم­ها در ارتفاع تا یک متری درخت ایجاد می­شوند و این قسمت از درخت با ارزش­ترین قسمت چوب است،‌ بنابراین تلاش برای کاهش آثار صدمات به توده باقی­مانده هنگام عملیات چوب‌کشی زمینی ضروری است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Long-term evaluation of scar closure on residual damaged trees following ground-based skidding (Case study: Kheyrud forest)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Niloufar Nouryazdan 1
  • Meghdad Jourgholami 2
  • Baris Majnounian 3
1 M.Sc. Forest Engineering, Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
2 Associate Prof., Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
3 Prof., Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
چکیده [English]

Now a day, due to applying the close to nature forestry method to manage the Hyrcanian forests and harvest distribution in this method, reducing damage to the residual stand  gains  more important. The aim of this study  was to determine and compare the resistance of the various diameters of tree species against scars or created during logging operation considering to the size, intensity and different locations  as well as to study the change in the wound (healing and wound closure) in the species over time. The research was carried out in the Patom and Namkhaneh district in the Kheyrud Forest. The results showed that there were significant differences among scar healing in the tree species. By increasing the diameter of the trees, the healing rate was significantly reduced, while by increasing the size of the wound (the primary area of the wound), scar healing rate was significantly decreased. Also, by increasing the scar height along the bole, the rate of wound healing has been changed significantly. By the increasing severity of the wound, healing rate was significantly reduced. The results showed that scar age has significant effect on the healing rate, but traffic intensity hasn’t significant effect on wound healing rate. Tree position along the skid trail has positive effects on the amount of residual damage trees.  Due to the fact that wounds are made in one meter height of the trunk, which is the most valuable part of the tree, trying to control the damage of trees is essential in the ground skidding operations.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Forest harvesting
  • Kheyrud forest
  • scar age
  • scar size
  • skid trail

مراجع

- Aho, P.E., Fiddler, G. and Srago, M., 1983. Logging damage in thinned, young growth true fir stands in California and recommendations for prevention. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Research Paper-304, 8p.
- Bettinger, P. and Kellogg, L.D., 1993. Residual stand damage from cut-to-length thinning of second growth timber in the Cascade range of western Oregon. Forest Product Journal, 43(11/12): 59-64.
- Froese, K. and Han, H.S., 2006. Residual stand damage from cut-to-length thinning of a mixed conifer stand in northern Idaho. Western Journal of Applied Forestry, 21(3): 142-148.
- Han, H.S. and Kellogg, L.D., 2000. A comparison of sampling methods for measuring residual stand damage from commercial thinning. Journal of Forest Engineering, 11(1): 8-17.
- Han, H.S., 1998. Damage to young Duglas-fir stand from commercial thinning with various timber harvesting systems and silvicultural prescriptions: characteristics, sampling strategy for assessment and future volume loss. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Forest Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Oregon State University, Oregon, 141p.
- Hosius, D., 1967. Bark stripping consequences on beech. Allgemeine Forst Zeitschrift, 22: 484-487.
- Hosseini, S.M., 1994. Study of forest utilization impacts on residual stand in Darab-Kola forest management plan. M.Sc. thesis, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, 120p (In Persian).
- Jourgholami, M., 2012. Small-scale timber harvesting: mule logging in Hyrcanian forest. Small-scale Forestry, 11(2): 255-262.
- Jourgholami, M., Rizvandi, V. and Majnounian, B., 2012. Evaluating the extent, patterns, size and distribution of tree scars following skidding operation (Case study: Kheyrud forest). Iranian Journal of Forest, 4(3): 187-196 (In Persian).
- Kovbasa, N.P., 1996. Distribution and spreading of wound rot in Belarus spruce stands and measures to limit the losses. Ph.D. thesis, Byelorussian Plant Protection Research Institute, Priluki-Minsk, Belarus, 148p.
- Lotfalian, M., Emadian, S.F., Kooch, Y. and Parsa Khoo, A., 2010. A method for economic assessment of logging damage on forest stand and regeneration. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 25(1): 78-88. 
- Lotfalian, M., Majnonian, B., Rezvanfar, M. and Parsakho, A., 2009. Investigation of damages due to forest logging under selection cutting system on stand and regeneration. Journal of Water and Soil Science, 12(46): 363-372 (In Persian).
- Majnounian, B., Jourgholami, M., Zobeyri, M. and Feghhi, J., 2009. Assessment of forest harvesting damage to residual stands and regenerations - a case study of Namkhaneh district in Kheyrud forest. Environmental Sceinces, 7(1): 33-44 (In Persian).
- Naghdi, R., 2004. Study of optimum road density in tree length and cut to length system. Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, 201p (In Persian).
- Neely, D., 1970. Healing of wounds on trees. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 95: 536-540.
- Neely, D., 1979. Tree wounds and wound closure. Journal of Arboriculture, 5: 135-140.
- Nikooy, M., 2007. Optimizing production cost and damage reduction to wood, trees and forest by harvest planning (Case study: Asalem forest district area). Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, 165p (In Persian).
- Ostrofsky, W.D., Seymour, R.S. and Lemin, R.C., 1986. Damage to northern hardwoods from thinning using whole-tree harvesting technology. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16: 1238-1244.
- Rashidi, R., 1995. Effect of mechanical damages on beech tree growth. Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 47: 58-70 (In Persian).
- Sidle, R.C. and Laurent, T.H., 1986. Site damage from mechanized thinning in southeast Alaska. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry, 3: 94-97.
- Smith, H.C., Miller, G.W. and Schuler, T.M., 1994. Closure of logging wounds after 10 years. USDA Forest Service, Northwest Research Station, Research Paper 692, 6p.
- Staines, B.W. and Welch, D., 1984. Habitat selection and impact of red (Cervus elaphus L.) and roe (Capreolus capreolus L.) deer in a Sitka spruce plantation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 82: 303-319.
- Tavankar, F. and Bonyad, A., 2014. Long-term effects of logging damages on quality of residual trees in the Asalem-Nav forest. Journal of Environment Studies, 40(1): 39-50 (In Persian).
- Vasiliauskas, R. and Stenlid, J., 1998. Discoloration following bark stripping wounds on Fraxinus excelsior.  European Journal of Forest Pathology, 28: 383-390.
- Vasiliauskas, R., 1994. Wound healing rate and its influence on spread of decay in spruce. Proceedings of the Lithuanian Forest Research Institute, 34: 207-212.
- Welch, D., Scott, D. and Staines, B.W., 1997. Bark stripping damage by red deer in a Sitka spruce forest in western Scotland III. Trends in wound condition. Forestry, 70: 113-120.
- Youngblood, A., 2000. Damaged to residual trees and advanced regeneration from skyline and forwarding yarding in mixed-conifer stands of northeastern Oregon. Western Journal of Applied Forestry, 15(2): 101-107.

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار