پویایی مرحله نهایی توالی در جنگل‌های راش آمیخته در شمال ایران (پژوهش موردی: بخش گرازبن جنگل خیرود)

نوع مقاله : علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی

2 استاد دانشگاه تهران

3 استادیار دانشگاه تهران

4 استاد دانشگاه فنی مونیخ آلمان

چکیده

مطالعه پویایی توده‌های راش آمیخته با هدف تعیین فازهای تکاملی توده‌های آمیخته و طبیعی راش در بخش گرازبن جنگل آموزشی و پژوهشی دانشکده منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران واقع در جنگل خیرود نوشهر انجام شد. پس از جنگل‌گردشی اولیه، سه قطعه‌نمونه 25 هکتاری انتخاب و هر یک از آنها به قطعات یک هکتاری (100Í100 متر) تفکیک و آماربرداری صددرصد از کلیه پارامترهای توده شامل قطر برابرسینه درختان، زادآوری طبیعی، اندازه و پراکنش روشنه‌ها و خشکه‌دارها انجام شد. در فرایند پویایی توده‌های راش، سه مرحله شامل هشت فاز توالی شناسایی شد. براین‌اساس پویایی توده‌ها در سه مرحله افزایش حجم، انباشت حجم و دگرگونی حجم اتفاق می‌افتد. مرحله افزایش حجم شامل فازهای تشکیل زیراشکوب و زادآوری، مرحله انباشت حجم شامل فازهای کاهش پایه‌ها، نورافزایی و بلوغ و مرحله دگرگونی حجم نیز شامل فازهای تشکیل روشنه، حجم‌کاهی و کهن‌رست است. در برخی از فازها مثل بلوغ امکان تفکیک به چرخه‌های پیش و پس از بلوغ نیز وجود دارد. علاوه‌بر این سه مرحله، مرحله بینابینی شامل آمیخته یا فاز چندفازی که با آشوب‌های نامنظم و با تناوب و مقیاس زمانی کوتاه ایجاد می‌شود، نیز شناسایی شد. فازهای حجم‌افزایی، زیراشکوب و کاهش پایه‌ها بیشترین مساحت منطقه موردبررسی را به‌خود اختصاص می‌دهند که نشانه حضور توده‌های راش در مراحل میانی تکامل و انباشت حجم در توده‌ها در بیشتر مناطق است. روند پویایی توده‌های راش اغلب با تشکیل روشنه‌هایی در اندازه‌های کوچک و افتادن یک درخت روشنه‌ساز آغاز می‌شود. براین‌اساس شیوه جنگل‌شناسی تک‌گزینی در توده‌های راش روش نزدیک به طبیعت و مناسب می‌باشد. توصیه می‌شود برای مدیریت همگام با طبیعت و کاستن از شدت دخالت‌های انسانی در روند پویایی طبیعی توده‌های راش با شیوه تک‌گزینی، انتخاب نوع و زمان عملیات پرورشی و نشانه‌گذاری با شناخت و تعیین فازها و مسیرهای توالی در راشستان‌ها انجام پذیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Late successional stage dynamics in natural Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands in northern Iran (Case study: Gorazbon district of Kheiroud-Kenar experimental forest)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Kiomars Sefidi 1
  • Mihammad Reza Marvie Mohadjer 2
  • Vahid Etemad 3
  • Reinhard Mosandl 4
1 Assistant Prof., Faculty of Agricultural Technology and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, I.R. Iran.
2 Prof., Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. Iran.
3 Assistant Prof., Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. Iran.
4 Head of Institute of Silviculture, Technische Universität München, München, Germany.
چکیده [English]

To study the beech stand dynamics followed by the definition of developmental phases in natural mixed beech stands, three sample plots, each covering 25 ha, were inventoried in undisturbed natural mixed beech (Fagus oreintalis Lipsky) stands in Kheiroud-Kenar experimental forest in the north of Iran. The plots were subdivided into 25 one-hectare subplots. Within each mail plot, the subplots were numbered from 1 to 25, within which a number of stand parameters including diameter, canopy gaps properties, natural regeneration and dead trees were recorded. In terms of late successional stage, three stages and eight phases were recognized. According to those, development of beech stands occur in three main stages including early, middle and late characterized by volume growing up, volume accumulations and volume transition terms. Various phases within those stages were recognized. The Growing up stage embraces gap forming, understory initiation and regeneration phases. As for the volume accumulations stage, volume stability, lightning and stem exclusion phases were recognized. Subsequently, the decline stage includes gap making, old growth and volume degradation phases. Some of those phases could be subdivided into small-scale cycles e.g. pre or late volume stability. Furthermore, the intermediate stage includes mixed phases which are mainly created by small-scale and frequent disturbances. The F. orientalis stand were covered to a major extent by phases of stem exclusion, volume stability and understory initiation. In other words, the beech stands are currently in the middle stage of development. Here, we attempted to prepare quantitative characteristics of each of the recognized phases. Finally we illustrated the developmental pattern of beech stands as well as related silvicultural pathways. Dynamics of oriental beech stands begin by formation small-sized gaps (often created by the fall of a single gap maker tree). This fact shows that the single tree selection method is a near-to--nature method within this area. Our findings emphasize that silvicultural methods and related treatments must be regulated based on stand developmental phases. This can lead to decrease the intensity of human intervention and to choose the most appropriate, timely treatments e.g. tree marking.  

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Forest stands development
  • stand dynamics
  • silvicultural pathways
  • disturbance phases
  • oriental beech

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